Renal transplantation in augmented bladders.

Not many years ago, children with congenital abnormalities of the lower urinary tract or with bladder dysfunction were denied renal transplantation because they were considered very high-risk recipients. However, in the past few decades, we learned that in children with poorly compliant, low-capacity bladders, augmentation cystoplasty (AC) can create a compliant, low-pressure reservoir that helps preserve the kidney graft. Although the incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) may be greater in pediatric transplant recipients with an AC than in those without, UTI is related more to noncompliance with clean intermittent catheterization or vesicoureteral reflux to the native kidney or graft than to the AC itself, and usually does not lead to impairment of graft function. Today, children with a bladder reconstruction may undergo transplantation with the same outcome (graft survival and function) as those with normal bladders, although there is some possibility of malignant transformation in the intestinal segment used to augment the bladder in these patients.