Shabana Din1, Mathias H Konstandin1, Bevan Johnson1, Jacqueline Emathinger1, Mirko Völkers1, Haruhiro Toko1, Brett Collins1, Lucy Ormachea1, Kaitlen Samse1, Dieter A Kubli1, Andrea De La Torre1, Andrew S Kraft1, Asa B Gustafsson1, Daniel P Kelly1, Mark A Sussman2. 1. From the Department of Biology, San Diego State Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.H.K., B.J., J.E., M.V., H.T., B.C., L.O., K.S., A.D.L.T., M.A.S.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (D.A.K., A.B.G.); and Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston (A.S.K.), and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL (D.P.K.). 2. From the Department of Biology, San Diego State Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.H.K., B.J., J.E., M.V., H.T., B.C., L.O., K.S., A.D.L.T., M.A.S.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (D.A.K., A.B.G.); and Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston (A.S.K.), and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL (D.P.K.). heartman4ever@icloud.com.
Abstract
RATIONALE: The senescent cardiac phenotype is accompanied by changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis causing impairment in energy provision. The relationship between myocardial senescence and Pim kinases deserves attention because Pim-1 kinase is cardioprotective, in part, by preservation of mitochondrial integrity. Study of the pathological effects resulting from genetic deletion of all Pim kinase family members could provide important insight about cardiac mitochondrial biology and the aging phenotype. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that myocardial senescence is promoted by loss of Pim leading to premature aging and aberrant mitochondrial function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cardiac myocyte senescence was evident at 3 months in Pim triple knockout mice, where all 3 isoforms of Pim kinase family members are genetically deleted. Cellular hypertrophic remodeling and fetal gene program activation were followed by heart failure at 6 months in Pim triple knockout mice. Metabolic dysfunction is an underlying cause of cardiac senescence and instigates a decline in cardiac function. Altered mitochondrial morphology is evident consequential to Pim deletion together with decreased ATP levels and increased phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase, exposing an energy deficiency in Pim triple knockout mice. Expression of the genes encoding master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) coactivator-1 α and β, was diminished in Pim triple knockout hearts, as were downstream targets included in mitochondrial energy transduction, including fatty acid oxidation. Reversal of the dysregulated metabolic phenotype was observed by overexpressing c-Myc (Myc proto-oncogene protein), a downstream target of Pim kinases. CONCLUSIONS: Pim kinases prevent premature cardiac aging and maintain a healthy pool of functional mitochondria leading to efficient cellular energetics.
RATIONALE: The senescent cardiac phenotype is accompanied by changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis causing impairment in energy provision. The relationship between myocardial senescence and Pim kinases deserves attention because Pim-1 kinase is cardioprotective, in part, by preservation of mitochondrial integrity. Study of the pathological effects resulting from genetic deletion of all Pim kinase family members could provide important insight about cardiac mitochondrial biology and the aging phenotype. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that myocardial senescence is promoted by loss of Pim leading to premature aging and aberrant mitochondrial function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cardiac myocyte senescence was evident at 3 months in Pim triple knockout mice, where all 3 isoforms of Pim kinase family members are genetically deleted. Cellular hypertrophic remodeling and fetal gene program activation were followed by heart failure at 6 months in Pim triple knockout mice. Metabolic dysfunction is an underlying cause of cardiac senescence and instigates a decline in cardiac function. Altered mitochondrial morphology is evident consequential to Pim deletion together with decreased ATP levels and increased phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase, exposing an energy deficiency in Pim triple knockout mice. Expression of the genes encoding master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) coactivator-1 α and β, was diminished in Pim triple knockout hearts, as were downstream targets included in mitochondrial energy transduction, including fatty acid oxidation. Reversal of the dysregulated metabolic phenotype was observed by overexpressing c-Myc (Myc proto-oncogene protein), a downstream target of Pim kinases. CONCLUSIONS: Pim kinases prevent premature cardiac aging and maintain a healthy pool of functional mitochondria leading to efficient cellular energetics.
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