Mark Gilchrist1, Paul G Winyard2, Jon Fulford2, Christine Anning2, Angela C Shore2, Nigel Benjamin2. 1. NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School (Previously Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry), University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5AX, UK. Electronic address: m.gilchrist@exeter.ac.uk. 2. NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School (Previously Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry), University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5AX, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In this substudy of the effect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, we report the development of a novel nitrate depleted beetroot juice for use clinical trials and determine if dietary nitrate supplementation improved cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Beetroot juice was treated with the anion exchange resin Purolite A520e. UV-vis-spectrophotometry, and a blind taste test were performed along with determination of sugar content, measurement of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate, the ionic composition of juice and Proton NMR. Subsequently, 27 patients, age 67.2±4.9 years, (18 male) were recruited for a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Participants were randomised to begin in either order beetroot juice (nitrate content 7.5 mmol per 250 ml) or placebo (nitrate depleted beetroot juice nitrate content 0.002 mmol per 250 ml). At the end of each 2 week supplementation period cognitive function was assessed using E-prime, E-Studio software with 5 separate tests being performed. The tests utilised in the present study have been adapted from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). RESULTS: The differences in the UV-vis spectra were comparable to the natural variation found in differing cultivars. There were no discernable differences in taste, sugar content, or Proton NMR. Ascorbate and dehydroascorbate were undetectable in either juice. After 2 weeks of beetroot juice simple reaction time was significantly quicker in the active arm at 327±40 ms versus 341.8±52.7 ms in the placebo arm, mean difference 13.9±25.6 ms (95% CI 3.8-24.0 ms), p=0.009. No other measures of cognitive function differed between treatment arms. CONCLUSION: We have developed an effective placebo beetroot juice for use in trials of supplementation of dietary nitrate. Two weeks supplementation of the diet with 7.5 mmol of nitrate per day caused a significant improvement in simple reaction time in individuals with T2DM.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: In this substudy of the effect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, we report the development of a novel nitrate depleted beetroot juice for use clinical trials and determine if dietary nitrate supplementation improved cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Beetroot juice was treated with the anion exchange resin Purolite A520e. UV-vis-spectrophotometry, and a blind taste test were performed along with determination of sugar content, measurement of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate, the ionic composition of juice and Proton NMR. Subsequently, 27 patients, age 67.2±4.9 years, (18 male) were recruited for a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Participants were randomised to begin in either order beetroot juice (nitrate content 7.5 mmol per 250 ml) or placebo (nitrate depleted beetroot juicenitrate content 0.002 mmol per 250 ml). At the end of each 2 week supplementation period cognitive function was assessed using E-prime, E-Studio software with 5 separate tests being performed. The tests utilised in the present study have been adapted from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). RESULTS: The differences in the UV-vis spectra were comparable to the natural variation found in differing cultivars. There were no discernable differences in taste, sugar content, or Proton NMR. Ascorbate and dehydroascorbate were undetectable in either juice. After 2 weeks of beetroot juice simple reaction time was significantly quicker in the active arm at 327±40 ms versus 341.8±52.7 ms in the placebo arm, mean difference 13.9±25.6 ms (95% CI 3.8-24.0 ms), p=0.009. No other measures of cognitive function differed between treatment arms. CONCLUSION: We have developed an effective placebo beetroot juice for use in trials of supplementation of dietary nitrate. Two weeks supplementation of the diet with 7.5 mmol of nitrate per day caused a significant improvement in simple reaction time in individuals with T2DM.
Authors: S Asgary; M R Afshani; A Sahebkar; M Keshvari; M Taheri; E Jahanian; M Rafieian-Kopaei; F Malekian; N Sarrafzadegan Journal: J Hum Hypertens Date: 2016-06-09 Impact factor: 3.012
Authors: Joshua M Bock; David P Treichler; Samuel L Norton; Kenichi Ueda; William E Hughes; Darren P Casey Journal: Nitric Oxide Date: 2018-08-15 Impact factor: 4.427
Authors: Anthony I Shepherd; Daryl P Wilkerson; Jon Fulford; Paul G Winyard; Nigel Benjamin; Angela C Shore; Mark Gilchrist Journal: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol Date: 2016-07-14 Impact factor: 4.052
Authors: Edgar J Gallardo; Derrick A Gray; Richard L Hoffman; Brandon A Yates; Ranjani N Moorthi; Andrew R Coggan Journal: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci Date: 2021-03-31 Impact factor: 6.053
Authors: Stephen J Carter; Allison H Gruber; John S Raglin; Marissa N Baranauskas; Andrew R Coggan Journal: Med Hypotheses Date: 2020-04-09 Impact factor: 1.538
Authors: Miranda J Smallwood; Alessandro Ble; David Melzer; Paul G Winyard; Nigel Benjamin; Angela C Shore; Mark Gilchrist Journal: Am J Hypertens Date: 2017-07-01 Impact factor: 2.689
Authors: Krishnaraj S Rathod; Daniel A Jones; T J A Van-Eijl; Hilda Tsang; Helen Warren; Stephen M Hamshere; Vikas Kapil; Ajay K Jain; Andrew Deaner; Neil Poulter; Mark J Caulfield; Anthony Mathur; Amrita Ahluwalia Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2016-12-20 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: L Mamluk; M G O'Doherty; P Orfanos; G Saitakis; J V Woodside; L M Liao; R Sinha; P Boffetta; A Trichopoulou; F Kee Journal: Eur J Clin Nutr Date: 2016-08-17 Impact factor: 4.016