Panagiotis E Chatzistergos1, Roozbeh Naemi2, Lakshmi Sundar3, Ambadi Ramachandran3, Nachiappan Chockalingam2. 1. CSHER, Faculty of Health Sciences, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom. Electronic address: panagiotis.chatzistergos@staffs.ac.uk. 2. CSHER, Faculty of Health Sciences, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom. 3. AR Diabetes Hospitals, Chennai, India.
Abstract
AIM: The present study aims at investigating the correlation between the mechanical properties of the heel-pad of people with type-2 diabetes and the clinical parameters used to monitor their health and ulceration risk. METHODS: A new device for the in-vivo testing of plantar soft tissues was built and pilot-tested. This device consists of an ultrasound probe connected in series with a dynamometer. Loading is applied manually using a ball-screw actuator. A total of 35 volunteers with type-2 diabetes were recruited and the thickness, stiffness of their heel-pads as well as the energy absorbed during loading were assessed. The participants with diabetes also underwent blood tests and measurements of Ankle Brachial Index and Vibration Perception Threshold. RESULTS: Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between triglycerides and heel-pad stiffness (r=0.675, N=27, p<0.001) and between triglycerides and energy (r=-0.598, N=27, p=0.002). A correlation of medium strength was found between Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and stiffness (r=0.408, N=29, p=0.043). CONCLUSIONS: People with type-2 diabetes and high levels of triglycerides and FBS are more likely to have stiffer heel-pads. Increased stiffness could limit the tissues' ability to evenly distribute loads making them more vulnerable to trauma and ulceration.
AIM: The present study aims at investigating the correlation between the mechanical properties of the heel-pad of people with type-2 diabetes and the clinical parameters used to monitor their health and ulceration risk. METHODS: A new device for the in-vivo testing of plantar soft tissues was built and pilot-tested. This device consists of an ultrasound probe connected in series with a dynamometer. Loading is applied manually using a ball-screw actuator. A total of 35 volunteers with type-2 diabetes were recruited and the thickness, stiffness of their heel-pads as well as the energy absorbed during loading were assessed. The participants with diabetes also underwent blood tests and measurements of Ankle Brachial Index and Vibration Perception Threshold. RESULTS: Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between triglycerides and heel-pad stiffness (r=0.675, N=27, p<0.001) and between triglycerides and energy (r=-0.598, N=27, p=0.002). A correlation of medium strength was found between Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and stiffness (r=0.408, N=29, p=0.043). CONCLUSIONS:People with type-2 diabetes and high levels of triglycerides and FBS are more likely to have stiffer heel-pads. Increased stiffness could limit the tissues' ability to evenly distribute loads making them more vulnerable to trauma and ulceration.
Authors: Masoud Edalati; Mary K Hastings; David Muccigrosso; Christopher J Sorensen; Charles Hildebolt; Mohamed A Zayed; Michael J Mueller; Jie Zheng Journal: J Magn Reson Imaging Date: 2018-11-16 Impact factor: 4.813
Authors: Victoria Spartacus; Maedeh Shojaeizadeh; Vincent Raffault; James Shoults; Ken Van Wieren; Carolyn J Sparrey Journal: PLoS One Date: 2021-12-13 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Hao Wu; Vikram Norton; Kui Cui; Bo Zhu; Sudarshan Bhattacharjee; Yao Wei Lu; Beibei Wang; Dan Shan; Scott Wong; Yunzhou Dong; Siu-Lung Chan; Douglas Cowan; Jian Xu; Diane R Bielenberg; Changcheng Zhou; Hong Chen Journal: Front Cardiovasc Med Date: 2022-02-17