Heart motion uncertainty compensation prediction method for robot assisted beating heart surgery - Master-slave Kalman Filters approach.

Robot Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) allows the heart keep beating in the surgery by actively eliminating the relative motion between point of interest (POI) on the heart surface and surgical tool. The inherited nonlinear and diverse nature of beating heart motion gives a huge obstacle for the robot to meet the demanding tracking control requirements. In this paper, we novelty propose a Master-slave Kalman Filter based on beating heart motion Nonlinear Adaptive Prediction (NAP) algorithm. In the study, we describe the beating heart motion as the combination of nonlinearity relating mathematics part and uncertainty relating non-mathematics part. Specifically, first, we model the nonlinearity of the heart motion via quadratic modulated sinusoids and estimate it by a Master Kalman Filter. Second, we involve the uncertainty heart motion by adaptively change the covariance of the process noise through the slave Kalman Filter. We conduct comparative experiments to evaluate the proposed approach with four distinguished datasets. The results indicate that the new approach reduces prediction errors by at least 30 μm. Moreover, the new approach performs well in robustness test, in which two kinds of arrhythmia datasets from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database are assessed.