Sergio Martínez-Hervás1, Angela Vinué2, Laura Núñez2, Irene Andrés-Blasco2, Laura Piqueras2, José Tomás Real1, Juan Francisco Ascaso1, Deborah Jane Burks3, María Jesús Sanz4, Herminia González-Navarro5. 1. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia , Valencia 46010, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain. 2. Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain. 3. CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain. 4. Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. 5. Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, Valencia 46010, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain gonzaleh@uv.es.
Abstract
AIMS: Insulin resistance (IR) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Life-threatening acute events are mainly due to rupture of unstable plaques, and the role of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in this process in IR, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome (T2DM/MetS) has not been fully addressed. Therefore, the role of VSMC survival in the generation of unstable plaques in T2DM/MetS and the involvement of inflammatory mediators was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Defective insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2)-mediated signalling produced insulin-resistant VSMCs with reduced survival, migration, and higher apoptosis than control cells. Silencing of IRS2 or inhibition of the V-akt murine thymomaviral oncogene homologue kinase (AKT)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent pathway in VSMCs augmented expression of the inflammatory chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1, previously involved in atheroma plaque vulnerability. Interestingly, treatment of VSMCs with CX3CL1 promoted apoptosis in the presence of other stimuli or when the AKT pathway was blocked. Analysis of a mouse model of IR-MetS and accelerated atherosclerosis, apoE-/-Irs2+/- mice, showed reduced VSMC survival, unstable plaques, and up-regulation of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis compared with apoE-/- mice. Human studies showed augmented soluble CX3CL1 plasma levels and CX3CR1 expression in monocytes from IR-MetS subjects compared with controls. A positive correlation between insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index, carotid atherosclerosis, and CX3CR1 mRNA levels was also found in all patients. CONCLUSION: IR increases plaque vulnerability by augmenting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis, which is mechanistically linked to reduced VSMC survival. Thus, modulation of IRS2-dependent signalling emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy to promote VSMC survival and atheroma plaque stability and to reduce inflammatory mediators in IR-MetS. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.
AIMS: Insulin resistance (IR) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Life-threatening acute events are mainly due to rupture of unstable plaques, and the role of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in this process in IR, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome (T2DM/MetS) has not been fully addressed. Therefore, the role of VSMC survival in the generation of unstable plaques in T2DM/MetS and the involvement of inflammatory mediators was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Defective insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2)-mediated signalling produced insulin-resistant VSMCs with reduced survival, migration, and higher apoptosis than control cells. Silencing of IRS2 or inhibition of the V-aktmurine thymomaviral oncogene homologue kinase (AKT)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent pathway in VSMCs augmented expression of the inflammatory chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1, previously involved in atheroma plaque vulnerability. Interestingly, treatment of VSMCs with CX3CL1 promoted apoptosis in the presence of other stimuli or when the AKT pathway was blocked. Analysis of a mouse model of IR-MetS and accelerated atherosclerosis, apoE-/-Irs2+/- mice, showed reduced VSMC survival, unstable plaques, and up-regulation of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis compared with apoE-/- mice. Human studies showed augmented soluble CX3CL1 plasma levels and CX3CR1 expression in monocytes from IR-MetS subjects compared with controls. A positive correlation between insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index, carotid atherosclerosis, and CX3CR1 mRNA levels was also found in all patients. CONCLUSION: IR increases plaque vulnerability by augmenting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis, which is mechanistically linked to reduced VSMC survival. Thus, modulation of IRS2-dependent signalling emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy to promote VSMC survival and atheroma plaque stability and to reduce inflammatory mediators in IR-MetS. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.
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