d-OptCom: Dynamic multi-level and multi-objective metabolic modeling of microbial communities.

Most microbial communities change with time in response to changes and/or perturbations in environmental conditions. Temporal variations in interspecies metabolic interactions within these communities can significantly affect their structure and function. Here, we introduce d-OptCom, an extension of the OptCom procedure, for the dynamic metabolic modeling of microbial communities. It enables capturing the temporal dynamics of biomass concentration of the community members and extracellular concentration of the shared metabolites, while integrating species- and community-level fitness functions. The applicability of d-OptCom was demonstrated by modeling the dynamic co-growth of auxotrophic mutant pairs of E. coli and by computationally assessing the dynamics and composition of a uranium-reducing community comprised of Geobacter sulfurreducens, Rhodoferax ferrireducens, and Shewanella oneidensis. d-OptCom was also employed to examine the impact of lactate vs acetate addition on the relative abundance of uranium-reducing species. These studies highlight the importance of simultaneously accounting for both species- and community-level fitness functions when modeling microbial communities, and demonstrate that the incorporation of uptake kinetic information can substantially improve the prediction of interspecies flux trafficking. Overall, this study paves the way for the dynamic multi-level and multi-objective analysis of microbial ecosystems.