Sarah T Wagner1, Linnea Hesse2, Sandrine Isnard3, Marie-Stéphanie Samain4, Jay Bolin5, Erika Maass6, Christoph Neinhuis7, Nick P Rowe8, Stefan Wanke7. 1. Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany sarah.wagner@tu-dresden.de. 2. Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55112 Mainz, Germany. 3. IRD, UMR-AMAP, Laboratoire de Botanique et d'Écologie Végétale Appliquées, BPA5, 98800, Nouméa, New Caledonia. 4. Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, 61600 Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico. 5. Department of Biology, Catawba College, Salisbury, NC 28144, USA. 6. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia. 7. Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. 8. Université Montpellier 2, UMR-AMAP, Montpellier, F-34000 France; CNRS, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, F-34000, France.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The order Piperales has the highest diversity of growth forms among the earliest angiosperm lineages, including trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs. However, within the perianth-bearing Piperales (Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Prosopanche, Thottea and Aristolochia), climbing species only occur in the most species-rich genus Aristolochia. This study traces anatomical and morphological traits among these lineages, to detect trends in growth form evolution and developmental processes. METHODS: Transverse stem sections of different developmental stages of representatives of Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Thottea and Aristolochia were compared and anatomical traits were linked to growth form evolution. Biomechanical properties of representative climbers were determined in three-point bending tests and are discussed based on the anatomical observations. Growth form evolution of the perianth-bearing Piperales was reconstructed by ancestral character state reconstruction using Mesquite. KEY RESULTS: While species of Asarum and Saruma are exclusively herbaceous, species of the remaining genera show a higher diversity of growth habit and anatomy. This growth form diversity is accompanied by a more complex stem anatomy and appropriate biomechanical properties. The ancestral growth form of the perianth-bearing Piperales is reconstructed with either a shrub-like or herbaceous character state, while the following three backbone nodes in the reconstruction show a shrub-like character state. Accordingly, the climbing habit most probably evolved in the ancestor of Aristolochia. CONCLUSIONS: Since the ancestor of the perianth-bearing Piperales has been reconstructed with a herb- or shrub-like habit, it is proposed that the climbing habit is a derived growth form, which evolved with the diversification of Aristolochia, and might have been a key feature for its diversification. Observed anatomical synapomorphies, such as the perivascular fibres in Lactoris, Thottea and Aristolochia, support the phylogenetic relationship of several lineages within the perianth-bearing Piperales. In addition, the hypothesis that the vegetative organs of the holoparasitic Hydnoraceae are most probably rhizomes is confirmed.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The order Piperales has the highest diversity of growth forms among the earliest angiosperm lineages, including trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs. However, within the perianth-bearing Piperales (Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Prosopanche, Thottea and Aristolochia), climbing species only occur in the most species-rich genus Aristolochia. This study traces anatomical and morphological traits among these lineages, to detect trends in growth form evolution and developmental processes. METHODS: Transverse stem sections of different developmental stages of representatives of Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Thottea and Aristolochia were compared and anatomical traits were linked to growth form evolution. Biomechanical properties of representative climbers were determined in three-point bending tests and are discussed based on the anatomical observations. Growth form evolution of the perianth-bearing Piperales was reconstructed by ancestral character state reconstruction using Mesquite. KEY RESULTS: While species of Asarum and Saruma are exclusively herbaceous, species of the remaining genera show a higher diversity of growth habit and anatomy. This growth form diversity is accompanied by a more complex stem anatomy and appropriate biomechanical properties. The ancestral growth form of the perianth-bearing Piperales is reconstructed with either a shrub-like or herbaceous character state, while the following three backbone nodes in the reconstruction show a shrub-like character state. Accordingly, the climbing habit most probably evolved in the ancestor of Aristolochia. CONCLUSIONS: Since the ancestor of the perianth-bearing Piperales has been reconstructed with a herb- or shrub-like habit, it is proposed that the climbing habit is a derived growth form, which evolved with the diversification of Aristolochia, and might have been a key feature for its diversification. Observed anatomical synapomorphies, such as the perivascular fibres in Lactoris, Thottea and Aristolochia, support the phylogenetic relationship of several lineages within the perianth-bearing Piperales. In addition, the hypothesis that the vegetative organs of the holoparasitic Hydnoraceae are most probably rhizomes is confirmed.
Authors: Sarah T Wagner; Sandrine Isnard; Nick P Rowe; Marie-Stéphanie Samain; Christoph Neinhuis; Stefan Wanke Journal: Am J Bot Date: 2012-09-14 Impact factor: 3.844
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