Charlotte Probst1, Michael Roerecke2, Silke Behrendt3, Jürgen Rehm4. 1. Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada c.probst@psychologie.tu-dresden.de. 2. Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaInstitute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 3. Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 4. Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaInstitute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaInstitute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaInstitute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaInstitute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canad
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Factors underlying socioeconomic inequalities in mortality are not well understood. This study contributes to our understanding of potential pathways to result in socioeconomic inequalities, by examining alcohol consumption as one potential explanation via comparing socioeconomic inequalities in alcohol-attributable mortality and all-cause mortality. METHODS: Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and ETOH were searched systematically from their inception to second week of February 2013 for articles reporting alcohol-attributable mortality by socioeconomic status, operationalized by using information on education, occupation, employment status or income. The sex-specific ratios of relative risks (RRRs) of alcohol-attributable mortality to all-cause mortality were pooled for different operationalizations of socioeconomic status using inverse-variance weighted random effects models. These RRRs were then combined to a single estimate. RESULTS: We identified 15 unique papers suitable for a meta-analysis; capturing about 133 million people, 3 741 334 deaths from all causes and 167 652 alcohol-attributable deaths. The overall RRRs amounted to RRR = 1.78 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43 to 2.22) and RRR = 1.66 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.31), for women and men, respectively. In other words: lower socioeconomic status leads to 1.5-2-fold higher mortality for alcohol-attributable causes compared with all causes. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol was identified as a factor underlying higher mortality risks in more disadvantaged populations. All alcohol-attributable mortality is in principle avoidable, and future alcohol policies must take into consideration any differential effect on socioeconomic groups.
BACKGROUND: Factors underlying socioeconomic inequalities in mortality are not well understood. This study contributes to our understanding of potential pathways to result in socioeconomic inequalities, by examining alcohol consumption as one potential explanation via comparing socioeconomic inequalities in alcohol-attributable mortality and all-cause mortality. METHODS: Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and ETOH were searched systematically from their inception to second week of February 2013 for articles reporting alcohol-attributable mortality by socioeconomic status, operationalized by using information on education, occupation, employment status or income. The sex-specific ratios of relative risks (RRRs) of alcohol-attributable mortality to all-cause mortality were pooled for different operationalizations of socioeconomic status using inverse-variance weighted random effects models. These RRRs were then combined to a single estimate. RESULTS: We identified 15 unique papers suitable for a meta-analysis; capturing about 133 million people, 3 741 334 deaths from all causes and 167 652 alcohol-attributable deaths. The overall RRRs amounted to RRR = 1.78 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43 to 2.22) and RRR = 1.66 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.31), for women and men, respectively. In other words: lower socioeconomic status leads to 1.5-2-fold higher mortality for alcohol-attributable causes compared with all causes. CONCLUSIONS:Alcohol was identified as a factor underlying higher mortality risks in more disadvantaged populations. All alcohol-attributable mortality is in principle avoidable, and future alcohol policies must take into consideration any differential effect on socioeconomic groups.
Authors: Marina Karanikolos; Philipa Mladovsky; Jonathan Cylus; Sarah Thomson; Sanjay Basu; David Stuckler; Johan P Mackenbach; Martin McKee Journal: Lancet Date: 2013-03-27 Impact factor: 79.321
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