The emerging role of RNA and DNA editing in cancer.

UNLABELLED: Nucleotide sequence modification through single base editing in animals is emerging as an important player in tumorigenesis. RNA editing especially has increased greatly during mammalian evolution and modulates diverse cellular functions presumably in a context-dependent manner. Sequence editing impacts development, including pluripotency and hematopoiesis, and multiple recent studies have shown that dysregulation of editing is associated with tumor biology. Much is yet to be learned about the role of sequence editing in human biology but this process is a critical modulator of cell regulation and may present an attractive option for therapeutic intervention in cancer in the future. SIGNIFICANCE: Sequence editing provides an additional regulatory layer of cancer initiation and progression that may be amenable to therapeutic design. Although editing of both RNA and DNA substrates has been known to occur for some time, the extent and implications of these modifications have been grossly underappreciated until recent genome-wide and disease-association studies were reported. This review highlights the cellular processes controlled by sequence editing, their implications in normal and cancerous states and considers potential targeted therapeutic strategies.