E Usuf1, G Mackenzie2, Y Lowe-Jallow3, B Boye3, D Atherly4, C Suraratdecha5, U K Griffiths6. 1. MRC, Gambia Unit, The Gambia; Gambia Government, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. Electronic address: effuau@gmail.com. 2. MRC, Gambia Unit, The Gambia. 3. Gambia Government, The Gambia. 4. PATH, USA. 5. USAID, USA. 6. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Gambia introduced seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in August 2009 and switched to 13-valent PCV in April 2011. In April 2009 monovalent hepatitis B and combined Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines were transitioned to a combined pentavalent vaccine. The current schedule offers three doses of PCV and pentavalent, and continues to give children monovalent hepatitis B vaccine at birth. We estimated the overall costs of the Gambian immunisation programme and the incremental costs of introducing pentavalent and the seven-valent PCV. METHODS: Twenty health facilities out of a total of 56 were surveyed. Data collected included number of vaccine doses delivered, staff time spent on vaccine delivery, distance travelled to collect vaccines, and cold chain expansion due to new vaccine introduction. National level data were collected from key informant interviews. Annualised costs were calculated in 2009 US$. RESULTS: With a PCV price of US$7 per dose, the incremental costs of introducing PCV was US$1.6 million, equivalent to US$25 per fully immunised child, with systems costs accounting for US$1.90. The switch to pentavalent vaccine resulted in cost savings of US$0.45 per fully immunised child. Total annual costs increased by 45% after the introduction of the new vaccines, amounting to US$ 3.0 million, or US$45 per fully immunised child. CONCLUSION: Vaccine prices were the most important determinant of total incremental costs and cold chain expansion the biggest cost component of systems costs.
BACKGROUND: The Gambia introduced seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in August 2009 and switched to 13-valent PCV in April 2011. In April 2009 monovalent hepatitis B and combined Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines were transitioned to a combined pentavalent vaccine. The current schedule offers three doses of PCV and pentavalent, and continues to give children monovalent hepatitis B vaccine at birth. We estimated the overall costs of the Gambian immunisation programme and the incremental costs of introducing pentavalent and the seven-valent PCV. METHODS: Twenty health facilities out of a total of 56 were surveyed. Data collected included number of vaccine doses delivered, staff time spent on vaccine delivery, distance travelled to collect vaccines, and cold chain expansion due to new vaccine introduction. National level data were collected from key informant interviews. Annualised costs were calculated in 2009 US$. RESULTS: With a PCV price of US$7 per dose, the incremental costs of introducing PCV was US$1.6 million, equivalent to US$25 per fully immunised child, with systems costs accounting for US$1.90. The switch to pentavalent vaccine resulted in cost savings of US$0.45 per fully immunised child. Total annual costs increased by 45% after the introduction of the new vaccines, amounting to US$ 3.0 million, or US$45 per fully immunised child. CONCLUSION: Vaccine prices were the most important determinant of total incremental costs and cold chain expansion the biggest cost component of systems costs.
Authors: Grant A Mackenzie; Isaac Osei; Rasheed Salaudeen; Ousman Secka; Umberto D'Alessandro; Ed Clarke; Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit; Paul V Licciardi; Cattram Nguyen; Brian Greenwood; Kim Mulholland Journal: Trials Date: 2022-01-15 Impact factor: 2.728
Authors: Grant A Mackenzie; Isaac Osei; Rasheed Salaudeen; Ilias Hossain; Benjamin Young; Ousman Secka; Umberto D'Alessandro; Arto A Palmu; Jukka Jokinen; Jason Hinds; Stefan Flasche; Kim Mulholland; Cattram Nguyen; Brian Greenwood Journal: Trials Date: 2022-01-24 Impact factor: 2.728
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