David Bunce1, Philip J Batterham2, Helen Christensen3, Andrew J Mackinnon4. 1. Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. Electronic address: d.bunce@leeds.ac.uk. 2. Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. 3. Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia. 4. Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temporal association between depression symptoms and cognitive function in older adults over a 4-year period. METHODS: Using a longitudinal, cross-lagged, population-based design, we studied depression symptoms and cognitive domains (including processing speed, verbal fluency, face and word recognition, episodic memory, and simple and choice reaction time) in 896 community-dwelling adults aged 70-97 years. RESULTS: Cross-lagged structural equation models suggested that initial depression symptoms affected subsequent processing speed and simple and choice reaction time but that cognition did not predict depression symptoms over time. The associations between depression and cognitive variables were attenuated when the models were adjusted for sensory impairment, physical health, and locus of control. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that, causally, depression precedes cognitive impairment in this age group and that the association is related to physical health and perceptions of a lack of control.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temporal association between depression symptoms and cognitive function in older adults over a 4-year period. METHODS: Using a longitudinal, cross-lagged, population-based design, we studied depression symptoms and cognitive domains (including processing speed, verbal fluency, face and word recognition, episodic memory, and simple and choice reaction time) in 896 community-dwelling adults aged 70-97 years. RESULTS: Cross-lagged structural equation models suggested that initial depression symptoms affected subsequent processing speed and simple and choice reaction time but that cognition did not predict depression symptoms over time. The associations between depression and cognitive variables were attenuated when the models were adjusted for sensory impairment, physical health, and locus of control. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that, causally, depression precedes cognitive impairment in this age group and that the association is related to physical health and perceptions of a lack of control.
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