Jordan Meyers1, Eric Ryndock2, Michael J Conway2, Craig Meyers3, Richard Robison1. 1. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. 2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. 3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA cmm10@psu.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Little to nothing is known about human papillomavirus (HPV) susceptibility to disinfection. HPV is estimated to be among the most common sexually transmitted diseases in humans. HPV is also the causative agent of cervical cancers and other anogenital cancers and is responsible for a significant portion of oropharyngeal cancers. While sexual transmission is well documented, vertical and non-sexual transmission may also be important. METHODS: Using recombinant HPV16 particles (quasivirions) and authentic HPV16 grown in three-dimensional organotypic human epithelial culture, we tested the susceptibility of high-risk HPV to clinical disinfectants. Infectious viral particles were incubated with 11 common clinical disinfectants, appropriate neutralizers were added to inactivate the disinfectant and solutions were filter centrifuged. Changes in the infectivity titres of the disinfectant-treated virus were measured compared with untreated virus. RESULTS: HPV16 is a highly resistant virus; more so than other non-enveloped viruses previously tested. The HPV16 quasivirions showed similar resistance to native virions, except for being susceptible to isopropanol, the triple phenolic and the lower concentration peracetic acid-silver (PAA-silver)-based disinfectant. Authentic virus and quasivirus were resistant to glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthalaldehyde and susceptible to hypochlorite and the higher concentration PAA-silver-based disinfectant. CONCLUSIONS: We present the first disinfectant susceptibility data on HPV16 native virions, which show that commonly used clinical disinfectants, including those used as sterilants in medical and dental healthcare facilities, have no effect on HPV16 infectivity. Policy changes concerning disinfectant use are needed. The unusually high resistance of HPV16 to disinfection supports other data suggesting the possibility of fomite or non-sexual transmission of HPV16.
OBJECTIVES: Little to nothing is known about human papillomavirus (HPV) susceptibility to disinfection. HPV is estimated to be among the most common sexually transmitted diseases in humans. HPV is also the causative agent of cervical cancers and other anogenital cancers and is responsible for a significant portion of oropharyngeal cancers. While sexual transmission is well documented, vertical and non-sexual transmission may also be important. METHODS: Using recombinant HPV16 particles (quasivirions) and authentic HPV16 grown in three-dimensional organotypic human epithelial culture, we tested the susceptibility of high-risk HPV to clinical disinfectants. Infectious viral particles were incubated with 11 common clinical disinfectants, appropriate neutralizers were added to inactivate the disinfectant and solutions were filter centrifuged. Changes in the infectivity titres of the disinfectant-treated virus were measured compared with untreated virus. RESULTS:HPV16 is a highly resistant virus; more so than other non-enveloped viruses previously tested. The HPV16 quasivirions showed similar resistance to native virions, except for being susceptible to isopropanol, the triple phenolic and the lower concentration peracetic acid-silver (PAA-silver)-based disinfectant. Authentic virus and quasivirus were resistant to glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthalaldehyde and susceptible to hypochlorite and the higher concentration PAA-silver-based disinfectant. CONCLUSIONS: We present the first disinfectant susceptibility data on HPV16 native virions, which show that commonly used clinical disinfectants, including those used as sterilants in medical and dental healthcare facilities, have no effect on HPV16 infectivity. Policy changes concerning disinfectant use are needed. The unusually high resistance of HPV16 to disinfection supports other data suggesting the possibility of fomite or non-sexual transmission of HPV16.
Authors: Matthias Wolf; Robert L Garcea; Nikolaus Grigorieff; Stephen C Harrison Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2010-03-22 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Rachel L Winer; James P Hughes; Qinghua Feng; Long Fu Xi; Stephen Cherne; Sandra O'Reilly; Nancy B Kiviat; Laura A Koutsky Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2010-06-22 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: S K Kjaer; B Chackerian; A J van den Brule; E I Svare; G Paull; J M Walbomers; J T Schiller; J E Bock; M E Sherman; D R Lowy; C L Meijer Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2001-02 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Elaine M Smith; Michael A Parker; Linda M Rubenstein; Thomas H Haugen; Eva Hamsikova; Lubomir P Turek Journal: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol Date: 2010-03-14
Authors: Eileen F Dunne; Lauri E Markowitz; La'shan D Taylor; Elizabeth R Unger; Cosette M Wheeler Journal: J Clin Virol Date: 2014-06-23 Impact factor: 3.168