ADAM17 mediates OSCC development in an orthotopic murine model.

BACKGROUND: ADAM17 is one of the main sheddases of the cells and it is responsible for the cleavage and the release of ectodomains of important signaling molecules, such as EGFR ligands. Despite the known crosstalk between ADAM17 and EGFR, which has been considered a promising targeted therapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the role of ADAM17 in OSCC development is not clear.
METHOD: In this study the effect of overexpressing ADAM17 in cell migration, viability, adhesion and proliferation was comprehensively appraised in vitro. In addition, the tumor size, tumor proliferative activity, tumor collagenase activity and MS-based proteomics of tumor tissues have been evaluated by injecting tumorigenic squamous carcinoma cells (SCC-9) overexpressing ADAM17 in immunodeficient mice.
RESULTS: The proteomic analysis has effectively identified a total of 2,194 proteins in control and tumor tissues. Among these, 110 proteins have been down-regulated and 90 have been up-regulated in tumor tissues. Biological network analysis has uncovered that overexpression of ADAM17 regulates Erk pathway in OSCC and further indicates proteins regulated by the overexpression of ADAM17 in the respective pathway. These results are also supported by the evidences of higher viability, migration, adhesion and proliferation in SCC-9 or A431 cells in vitro along with the increase of tumor size and proliferative activity and higher tissue collagenase activity as an outcome of ADAM17 overexpression.
CONCLUSION: These findings contribute to understand the role of ADAM17 in oral cancer development and as a potential therapeutic target in oral cancer. In addition, our study also provides the basis for the development of novel and refined OSCC-targeting approaches.

Introduction

ADAM17 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase) or TACE (TNF-alpha Converting Enzyme) is a surface membrane associated protein responsible for the cleavage of several membrane proteins, which is a biological cell process called shedding [1,2]. Among the shed proteins, ADAM17 releases ectodomains of important signaling molecules such as TNF-α, TGF-α, EGF, HB-EGF and VEGFR2 and adhesion molecules, such as L-selectin, syndecans, CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) and cadherins [1,3]. ADAM17 expression, likewise other ADAM family members, is up-regulated in many types of cancers, correlating with tumor progression and aggressiveness [4]. The molecules that are shed by ADAM17 are mostly signaling molecules that regulate cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion properties associated with malignant cells resulted mainly from the crosstalk between ADAM17 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [1,5]. Interestingly, EGFR is a widely studied oncogene in head and neck tumors [6] and agents targeting EGFR have emerged as a potential adjuvant therapy for OSCC [7,8]. Then, despite the close relationship between ADAM17 and EGFR, it is still not clear the role that ADAM17 plays in oral cancer development. Metalloproteinases are particular important in oral cancer progression, and squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck has been classified as the fifth most common type of cancer in the world [9].

To map the effect of ADAM17 overexpression in oral cancer, ADAM17-overexpressing cells have been subjected to in vitro analyses of proliferation, migration and adhesion and to orthotopic murine tumor formation, followed by MS-based proteomics and biological network analysis. Here we show that overexpression of ADAM17 in SCC-9 cells increases cellular viability, migration, adhesion and tissue collagenase activity. In addition, the ADAM17 knockdown decreased adhesion and proliferation in A431 cells. The SCC-9 cells have also been able to increase tumor size and proliferation in the orthotopic murine tumor model comparing to control (SCC-9 cells overexpressing GFP), and MS-based proteomics of those tumors revealed up-regulation of several Erk regulatory proteins, which are associated with the Erk phosphorylation. These results can open novel avenues for the understanding of the role of ADAM17 and its downstream signaling components in oral cancer development.

Material and methods

Cell lines

The human OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma) cell line, SCC-9, was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), and cultured as recommended. SCC-9 cells are originated from a human squamous carcinoma of the tongue. Human Epidermoid Carcinoma A431 (epidermoid carcinoma cell line originated from skin) cell line was grown in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) -1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics at 37°C in a 5% CO2 air atmosphere.

Generation of stably transfected cells

SCC-9 cells were stably selected for expression of ADAM17 (AD17) or GFP. Briefly, cells were transfected with pcDNA-ADAM-HA, kindly provided by Dr. Ulrich from Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry [10], or control pcDNA-FLAG-GFP, using Lipofectamine PLUS (Invitrogen) following manufacturer’s instructions. After transfection, G418 antibiotic was added to cultures at a concentration of 0.8 mg/ml and incubated for about 2 weeks, until complete death of untransfected cells. Cells were then splitted and frozen as mix population stably transfected cells expressing ADAM17 or GFP.

Generation of stably ADAM17 knockdown A431 cell line

The lentiviral particle production and transduction of A431 cells for ADAM17 knockdown were achieved with the Mission® shRNA Vector pLKO.1-puro System using shRNA Plasmid pLKO.1-Neo-CMV-tGFP (Sigma-Aldrich). Experimental procedures were carried out according to the manufacturers’ instructions. After transduction, G418 antibiotic was added to cultures at a final concentration of 0.8 mg/ml and incubated for about one week, until complete death of untransfected cells.

Orthotopic murine model of oral squamous cell carcinoma

SCC-9 cells stably expressing ADAM17 or GFP were grown until 75% confluence and 2.5 × 105 cells in 20 μl of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were implanted into the right lateral portion of the tongue of 6- to 8-week-old male Balb/c nude mice (n = 3), using a syringe with a 30 gauge disposable needle (BD Biosciences). This procedure was approved by the Institutional Committee for Ethics in Animal Research of the University of Campinas. Mice were sacrificed 20 days after implantation and the tumor tissues either from SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17 or GFP were immediately harvested.

Tumors size measurement

Measurements of tumor size were made using a caliper and tumor volumes calculated as: volume = 0.5 × [major value] × [minor value]2[11]. Tumors were then frozen in dry ice for further analysis (n = 3).

Proliferative activity of tumors by immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67

The proliferative activity of the orthotopic tumors was analyzed by immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 using the monoclonal mouse anti-Ki67 (clone Mib1, Dako) diluted 1:200, followed by streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex method (Biotinylated Link Universal Streptavidin-HRP, Dako). Positive cells were calculated by counting labeled nuclei (positive-cells) of six high power fields (magnification of 400×) from each case with the aid of the Image J software and expressing the data as percentage.

Protein extraction from tumors and in solution trypsin digestion

Each tissue sample was homogenized with liquid nitrogen using mortar and pestle. Tissue protein from each tumor (n = 2) were separately resuspended in 100 μl of extraction buffer (8 M urea, 75 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.2, protease inhibitor cocktail complete mini-EDTA free (Roche) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min under agitation. After centrifugation at 12,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C, the supernatant was quantified using the Bradford method [12].

Briefly, the extracted proteins were reduced (5 mM dithiothreitol, 25 min at 56°C), alkylated (14 mM iodoacetamide, 30 min at room temperature in the dark) and digested with trypsin (Promega). The peptides were purified on StageTips C18 [13], dried down in a vacuum concentrator and reconstituted in 0.1% formic acid.

LC-MS/MS analysis and data analysis

An aliquot containing 2 μg of proteins was analyzed on a LTQ Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) connected to nanoflow liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) by an EASY-nLC system (Proxeon Biosystem) through a Proxeon nanoelectrospray ion source as described by Aragão et al., [14]. Briefly, the peptides were separated by a 2-90% acetonitrile gradient in 0.1% formic acid using an analytical column PicoFrit Column (20 cm × ID75 μm, 5 μm particle size, New Objective), at a flow of 300 nl/min over 212 min. All instrument methods for the LTQ Orbitrap Velos were set up in the data dependent acquisition mode. The full scan MS spectra (m/z 300–2000) were acquired in the Orbitrap analyzer after accumulation to a target value of 1e6. Resolution in the Orbitrap was set to r = 60,000 and the 20 most intense peptide ions with charge states ≥ 2 were sequentially isolated to a target value of 5,000 and fragmented in the linear ion trap by low-energy CID (collision induced dissociation) with normalized collision energy of 35%. Two independent biological samples of control tumor and tumor overexpressing ADAM17 were analyzed and they were run in duplicates.

The raw files were processed using the MaxQuant version 1.2.7.4 [15] and the MS/MS spectra were searched using the Andromeda search engine [16] against the Uniprot Human Protein Database (release July 11th, 2012; 69,711 entries) with a tolerance of 20 ppm for precursor ions and 1 Da for fragment ions were set parameters for protein identification and a maximum of 2 trypsin missed cleavage. Carbamidomethylation of cysteine was set as a fixed modification, and oxidation of methionine and protein N-terminal acetylation were chosen as variable modifications. Both peptide and protein identifications were filtered at a maximum of 1% false discovery rate. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the software Perseus v.1.2.7.4 [15] available in the MaxQuant environment and reverse and contaminant entries were excluded from further analysis.

Protein abundance was calculated on the basis of the normalized spectral protein intensity (LFQ intensity). The data were converted into log2. Two independent experiments with two technical replicates for each condition were group in control tumor and tumor overexpressing ADAM17 and a paired t-test was applied for testing of differences in protein intensities between these groups.

Biological network analysis

Differentially expressed proteins were uploaded into the Ingenuity Pathways (IPA; Ingenuity Systems) Knowledge Base as a tab-delimited text file of gene names. Biological networks were generated using their Knowledge Base for interactions between mapped Focus Genes (user’s list) and all other gene objects stored in the knowledge base. In addition, functional analysis of the networks was performed to identify the biological functions and/or diseases that were most significant to the genes in the network. The significance of functional enrichment was computed by a Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05). A detailed description of IPA can be found on the Ingenuity Systems website.

Immunoblotting

For identification of ADAM17 mature form, protein extraction was performed using detergent containing lysis buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100) supplemented or not with 20 μM BB-2516 and 10 mM 1,10-phenanthroline (Sigma), as described by McIlwain et al., [17]. Cells were obtained from a confluent 10 cm plate and lysis was carried out on ice for 15 minutes followed by centrifugation at 12000 × g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was quantified and 40 μg of total protein was applied on SDS-PAGE.

For the expression analysis of EGFR and its phosphorylated form, the membrane protein enrichment was performed. Cells were lysed with syringe in non-detergent lysis buffer (25 mM Tris–HCl pH 7.5, 10 mM CaCl2) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (1 mM PMSF, cocktail protease inhibitor, 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM beta-glycerophosphate, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1 mM NaF). The lysate was centrifuged for 200 × g for 10 min and the supernatant was submitted to ultracentrifugation under 100,000 × g for 1 h. The pellet was ressuspended in RIPA buffer (25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 0.2% Sodium deoxycholate) containing phosphatase inhibitors.

After separation by SDS-PAGE, proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane (GE Healthcare). The nitrocellulose membrane was blocked with 5% BSA for 2 h and incubated with anti-HA (1:2,000; Sigma-Aldrich), anti-Erk (1:1,000; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti-phospho-Erk (1:1,000; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti-EGFR (1:1,000; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti-phospho-EGFR (1:1,000; Cell Signaling) antibodies for 2 h or overnight. The membranes were washed three times, each for 5 min, with 10 ml of Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20 and then reacted to horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibodies (1:5,000) for 1 h. After three washes, the visualization of bands was achieved by chemiluminescence with the ECL kit (Amersham Biosciences).

Real time quantitative PCR

Total RNA was obtained using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and 2 μg of total RNA were used for retrotranscription using the First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (GE Healthcare). Real-time quantitative PCR for ADAM17 was performed using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems), and the dissociation curves were performed to confirm the specificity of products. The threshold cycles (CT) values of target gene were normalized relative to glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene, and relative expression ratios were calculated by the 2-ΔΔ Ct method. Three independent experiments were performed with triplicates. The following PCR primers were used: ADAM17 forward, 5′-GGACCCCTTCCCAAATAGCA-3′ and reverse 5′-ATGGTCCGTGAGATCCTCAAA-3′; GAPDH forward 5′-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTCAAC-3′ and reverse 5′- CAGAGTTAAAA GCAGCCCCTGGT-3′.

Functional assays

HB-EGF shedding assay was performed as described by Le Gall et al., [18] with some modifications [19]. Briefly, HEK293 cells stably transfected with HB-EGF-AP were seeded into 100-mm dishes and co-transfected with transient pcDNA-ADAM17-HA or GFP vector (negative control). After 48 h, cells were trypsinised, counted to 3 × 105 cells per well and seeded in 24 well-plate (Corning). In the following day, the cells were starved during 4 h and activated with PMA (50 ng/ml) during 30 min or 1 h in a phenol-free medium. The cleavage of HB-EGF-AP was measured after overnight incubation. Briefly, 100 μl of conditioned media were collected of each well and added to individual wells of a 96-well plate containing 100 μl of AP buffer (0.5 M Tris–HCl, pH 9.5, containing 5 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium, 1 mM diethanolamine, 50 μM MgCl2, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA) and measured at 405 nm. Two independent experiments were performed with triplicates.

Cell viability assay by MTT

SCC-9 GFP and SCC-9 ADAM17 cells were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated for 7 days. MTT (12 mM tetrazolium 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was added and cells were incubated for 4 h at 37°C, in the dark. The media were removed and 100 μl of HCl 1 N and isopropanol (1:25) was added in each well and incubated for 15 min at room temperature under gentle agitation. Finally, absorbance was measured at 595 nm. Three independent experiments were performed with triplicates.

Transwell migration assay

SCC-9 GFP and SCC-9 ADAM17 cells were plated in the upper chambers of 8 mm pore transwells (HTS Transwell-96 Well Plate, Corning) after a starvation period of 4 h. The cells were allowed to migrate towards the lower chamber containing EGF at concentration of 100 ng/ml. At the end of the assay, cells at the top chamber were removed with a cotton swab and the cells at the bottom of the insert filter were fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 10 min, washed with PBS and stained with 1% toluidine blue solution in 1% borax for 5 min. The dye was eluted using 1% SDS and the absorbance was measured at 620 nm. Three independent experiments were performed with triplicates.

Cell adhesion assay

SCC-9 GFP and SCC-9 ADAM17 cells or A431/untreated (mock), A431/control (scrambled) and A431/shRNA ADAM-17 were submitted to adhesion assay as described by Aragão et al., [19]. Briefly, 106 cells were plated in 100 mm dishes and another 96-well plate was coated with Matrigel™ (2 μg per well; BD Biosciences). After 24 h, cells were trypsinised and seeded in the coated 96-well plate, previously washed three times with PBS and blocked with 3% BSA (bovine serum albumin) during 2 h. The adhesion was evaluated during 1 h in serum-free media supplemented with 3% BSA, the wells were washed 3 times and cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde. Cells were stained with 1% toluidine blue containing 1% borax for 5 min. The dye was eluted using 100 μl 1% SDS and the absorbance was measured at 620 nm. Three independent experiments were performed with five replicates.

Bromodeoxyuridine-labeling (BrdU) index

A431/control (scrambled) and A431/shRNA ADAM-17 cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of 10,000 cells per well in medium containing 10% of FBS. After 16 h, the cells were washed with PBS and cultured in serum-free medium for 24 h. Following serum starvation, the medium was replaced by medium containing 2% or 10% of FBS. Proliferation rates were determined 24 h after incubation by measuring BrdU incorporation into DNA, (Cell Proliferation ELISA BrdU Colorimetric, Roche Applied Science, Germany). Briefly, BrdU antigen was added to the cultures in 1:10 dilution and kept for 2 h at 37°C in 5% CO2. After incubation, the medium was removed and manufacturer’s protocol was followed. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm with correction at 690 nm. One experiment was performed with five replicates.

Collagenase activity in tumors and conditioned media

Zymography was performed with total protein extract from tumors (3 μg) and A431 conditioned media (10 μg) scramble and knockdown for ADAM17. For A431 conditioned media, cells were washed three times in PBS and incubated for 24 h in the serum-free medium. The media were collected and the final concentration of 1 mM PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) was added to the media. Briefly, cell debris were eliminated by centrifugation at 4,000 × g during 5 min at 4°C and subsequently concentrated using a 3,000 Da centrifugal filter (Millipore, Billerica, MA) at 4,000 × g at 4°C. Samples (proteins from tumor and conditioned media) were submitted to 1-D electrophoresis on 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gels containing 1 mg/ml gelatin under nonreducing conditions, and gelatinolytic activity was performed as previously described [20]. Gels were stained with Coomassie blue and destained. Gelatin digestion was identified as clear bands against a blue background. One experiment was performed for the analysis of tumor samples and two independent experiments were performed for the conditioned media.

Statistical analysis

For the functional experiments, the Student’s t-test, Fisher’s exact test or ANOVA followed by Tukey test was used with the significance level stated at 0.05 (GraphPad Prism version 5 for Windows).

Results

SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17 have higher sheddase activity on HB-EGF

Stable overexpression of ADAM17-HA in SCC-9 cells was confirmed by immunoblotting (Figure 1A). SCC-9 cells overexpressing GFP (control) were selected in parallel and the expression was checked by fluorescence (data not shown). To show that overexpressed ADAM17-HA has its mature form, we performed cell lysis in the presence of BB-2516 and 1,10-phenanthroline. The result in Figure 1B indicates the expression of the mature form of ADAM17-HA in SCC-9 cells in the presence of those inhibitors.

Figure 1

ADAM17-HA (AD17-HA) has mature form in SCC-9 cells and increases shedding of HB-EGF in HEK293 cells. A: SCC-9 cells were harvested, lysed with SDS sample buffer and immunoblotting was performed using anti-HA antibody. Anti-GAPDH antibody was used as loading control. B: SCC-9 cells were harvested and lysed in the presence and absence of BB-2516 and 1,10-phenanthroline. Immunoblotting was performed using anti-HA antibody and anti-GAPDH antibody was used as loading control. C: HEK293 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA have increased shedding activity. HEK293 cells stably expressing a chimerical construct of HB-EGF fused with alkaline phosphatase (AP) were transfected with pcDNA-ADAM17-HA and released AP was quantified in cell supernatants after PMA (50 ng/ml) treatment. Two independent experiments with 3 replicates were performed (n = 2, Student’s t-test, DMSO: p = 0.0038, PMA: p = 0.0066). D: Immunoblotting of HEK293 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA, performed using anti-HA antibody and anti-GAPDH antibody was used as loading control.

In order to evaluate the activity of ADAM17-HA recombinant protein on cells overexpressing ADAM17, we have transfected pcDNA-ADAM17-HA in HEK293 cells stably expressing an HB-EGF-AP construct, which allows detection of shed HB-EGF in culture supernatants, a known target of ADAM17 [18]. The cells were stimulated by PMA and the results indicate increased shedding of HB-EGF (n = 2, Student’s t-test, DMSO: p = 0.0038, PMA: p = 0.0066) in cells transfected with empty vector or pcDNA-ADAM17-HA either stimulated or not with PMA. Immunoblotting performed as control indicates the same levels of ADAM17-HA and total proteins (Figure 1D).

SCC-9 overexpressing ADAM17 shows higher cell viability, migration and adhesion

SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA have been evaluated in viability, migration and adhesion assays. First, SCC-9 cells were seeded in 96-well plates and, after 7 days, cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA had increased viability compared with control (Figure 2A, n = 3, Student’s t-test, p = 0.0004).

Figure 2

ADAM17 regulates cellular viability, migration, adhesion and proliferation. A: SCC-9 cells stably expressing ADAM17-HA or FLAG-GFP were seeded in 96-well plates. After 7 days cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Three independent experiments were performed (n = 3, Student’s t-test, p = 0.0004). B: SCC-9 cells stably expressing ADAM17-HA or FLAG-GFP were seeded in serum free media in the upper chamber of 96-well transwell plates. EGF at concentration of 100 ng/ml was added in serum free media in the lower chamber (n = 3, Student’s t-test, p = 0.0316). C: SCC-9 cells stably expressing ADAM17-HA or FLAG-GFP were seeded in Matrigel coated 96-well plates. After 1 h, cells were stained and adhesion measured (n = 3, Student’s t-test, p = 0.0001). D: ADAM-17 knockdown decreased adhesion of A431 cells. A431/untreated (mock), A431/control (scrambled) and A431/shRNA ADAM-17 cells were seeded in Matrigel coated 96-well plates. After 1 h, cells were stained and the cell adhesion was measured (n = 3, distinct letters represent significant differences at p < 0.0003, ANOVA followed by Tukey test). E: ADAM-17 knockdown decreased proliferation of A431 cells. Proliferation assay was performed in A431/control (scrambled) and A431/shRNA ADAM-17 cells by measuring BrdU incorporation into DNA in the presence of 2% or 10% FBS (n = 1, quintuplicate, distinct letters represent significant differences at p < 0.05, ANOVA followed by Tukey test).

For migration evaluation, SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA or GFP were seeded in 96-well transwell plates containing EGF in the lower chamber. After 24 h, migration to the lower chamber was measured by colorimetric assay. SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA showed an increased migration in the presence of EGF (Figure 2B, n = 3, Student’s t-test, p = 0.0316).

In adhesion assay, SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA or GFP were seeded in 96-well plats coated with Matrigel. After 1 h, cells were fixed, stained and adhesion was measured by colorimetric assay. As seen in Figure 2C, ADAM17-HA increased adhesion of SCC-9 cells (n = 3, Student’s t-test, p = 0.0001).

ADAM17 knockdown promoted lower adhesion and proliferation in A431 cells

To further validate these data in another cell line, we have used A431 carcinoma cell line silenced for ADAM17 expression in adhesion assay. As shown in Figure 2D, knockdown of ADAM17 decreases adhesion of A431 cells (n = 3, p < 0.0003, ANOVA followed by Tukey test). We also performed a proliferation assay by measuring BrdU incorporation into DNA in the presence of 2% or 10% FBS and we observed lower proliferation in ADAM17 knockdown A431 cells compared with the control cells (Figure 2E, n = 1, quintuplicate, p < 0.05, ANOVA followed by Tukey test).

Tumors overexpressing ADAM17 have increased size and showed higher proliferative activity

An orthotopic murine tumor formation model using SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17 or GFP was performed. After 20 days, tumors were excised and had their size measured. As seen in Figure 3A, tumors induced with SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17 had increased size compared to SCC-9 GFP cells (n = 3, Student’s t-test, p = 0.0467). SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA (AD17-HA) induce higher proliferative activity by immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 compared to SCC-9 GFP cells (n = 6, Student’s t-test, p < 0.0001) (Figure 3B).

Figure 3

SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA increased tumor size and proliferation. (A) SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA (AD17-HA) induce increased size of tumors in Nude mice. Cells grown in tissue culture plates were trypsinized, resuspended in PBS and injected in the tongue of Nude mice. After 20 days, mice were sacrificed, tumors excised and measured (n = 3, Student’s t-test, p = 0.0467). (B) SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17-HA (AD17-HA) induce higher proliferative activity by immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67. Positive cells were calculated by counting labeled nuclei (positive-cells) of six high power fields (magnification of 400×) from each case with the aid of the Image J software and expressing the data as percentage (n = 6, Student’s t-test, p < 0.0001).

MS-based proteomics and biological network analysis indicate up-regulated proteins in the Erk pathway

After protein extraction from tumors (n = 2) and trypsin digestion, mass spectrometry analysis was performed by LC-MS/MS, followed by protein identification using MaxQuant and analysis using Perseus software. A total of 2,194 proteins were identified at a false discovery rate (FDR) of less than 1%. The normalized spectral protein intensity (LFQ intensity) given by MaxQuant algorithm was converted into Log2 values. Normal distribution was verified by the histogram graph applied after normalization (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Correlation analysis between all of the individual replicates resulted in R values of at least 0.93, indicating high reproducibility among the samples (Additional file 1: Figure S2). We next performed statistical analysis to explore global proteomic difference between tumor overexpressing ADAM17 and control tumor samples. 200 proteins showed statistically significant expression (Student’s t-test, p < 0.05, Additional file 2: Tables S1 and Additional file 3: Table S2). Among them, 110 proteins were down-regulated and 90 were up-regulated in tumor tissues overexpressing ADAM17. Hierarchical clustering of significantly changing proteins was performed using the Z-score calculation on Log2 intensity values and it is represented as a heat map (Figure 4A).

Figure 4

Bioinformatic analysis of ADAM17-regulated proteome. (A) Clustering of significantly up- and down-regulated proteins in tumor samples compared with control, Student’s t-test, p < 0.05, obtained in Perseus software. (B) Global interaction network by IPA consists of 56 (28%) of 200 differential expressed proteins, up-regulated proteins (red) and down-regulated proteins (green), plus additional interacting molecules that were not identified in this study (white). The two top biological networks generated by IPA were merged to obtain a global view. Major hubs in the network were highlighted in blue.

To further explore the biological network of the identified proteins, we have examined functional pathway enrichment of the differentially expressed proteins by using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) (Additional file 4: Table S3). 199 query molecules, out of 200, were eligible for network analysis based on the IPA Knowledge Base criteria. The top two networks have been merged to obtain a global view of the proteins that were differentially regulated between the tumor tissues: control and overexpressing ADAM-17 (Figure 2A). The global network contained 58 proteins from the input data out of 70. The network revealed protein interactions mainly in the context of cancer (p = 1.57E-06), solid tumor (p = 4.61E-06), carcinoma (p = 9.78E-06), proliferation (p = 2.00E-07) and cell death (p = 6.36E-05), encompassing more than 50% of the differential regulated proteins presented in the network, 39, 34, 33, 32, 28 respectively (Table 1). Additional file 4: Table S3 shows all functions and diseases related to the genes in the network and the respective p-value given by Fisher’s exact test. It is also interesting to obverse that Erk, Erk 1/2 and NF-κB and p38 MAPK represent the major hubs in the network, indicating some disrupted pathways by which the overexpression of ADAM-17 might be involved.

Table 1

Top 10 functions and diseases annotation given by IPA, based on the number of proteins related to the network in Figure4

Function	Function annotation	p-value	Molecules	# Molecules
Cancer	Cancer	1.57E-06	ACADVL, APEX1, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, CYCS, DHX9, DPYSL2, DSC3, DSG1, DSG3, DSP, FABP5, FGB, FGG, FLII, G6PD, GOT1, HNRNPA1, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, LAMB3, LRPPRC, MCM3, PARVA, PCNA, PGK1, PKM, RAN, RPS4X, RPS9, SFN, SOD2, STIP1, STK24, STMN1, TPM1, TPM2, TUBB2A	39
Solid tumor	Solid tumor	4.61E-06	APEX1, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, DHX9, DPYSL2, DSC3, DSG1, DSG3, DSP, FABP5, FGB, FGG, FLII, G6PD, HNRNPA1, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, LAMB3, LRPPRC, MCM3, PARVA, PCNA, PGK1, PKM, RPS9, SFN, SOD2, STIP1, STK24, STMN1, TPM1, TPM2, TUBB2A	34
Carcinoma	Carcinoma	9.78E-06	APEX1, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, DHX9, DPYSL2, DSC3, DSG1, DSG3, DSP, FABP5, FGB, FGG, FLII, G6PD, HNRNPA1, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, LAMB3, LRPPRC, MCM3, PARVA, PCNA, PGK1, PKM, RPS9, SFN, SOD2, STIP1, STMN1, TPM1, TPM2, TUBB2A	33
Proliferation	Proliferation of cells	2.00E-07	ACTN1, APEX1, ATP2A2, DECR1, DSG3, DSP, FABP5, G6PD, HADHB, HNRNPA1, HNRNPF, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, MCM3, PCNA, PDCD10, PGK1, PKM, PKP1, PRPS2, RAN, RPS3A, RPS4X, RPS9, SFN, SOD2, STK24, STMN1, TPM1, TPM2, TUBB2A	32
Cell death	Cell death	6.36E-05	APEX1, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, CYCS, DECR1, DHX9, DSG1, DSG3, DSP, G6PD, HNRNPA1, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, MSN, PARVA, PCNA, PDCD10, PKM, RAN, RPS3A, RUVBL2, SFN, SOD2, STIP1, STK24, STMN1, TPM1	28
Apoptosis	Apoptosis	6.07E-06	APEX1, ATP2A1, CYCS, DECR1, DHX9, DSG1, DSG3, DSP, G6PD, HNRNPA1, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, MSN, PARVA, PCNA, PDCD10, PKM, RPS3A, RUVBL2, SFN, SOD2, STIP1, STK24, STMN1, TPM1	26
Necrosis	Necrosis	1.96E-04	APEX1, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, CYCS, DECR1, DSG1, DSG3, DSP, G6PD, HNRNPA1, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, MSN, PARVA, PCNA, PKM, RAN, RPS3A, SFN, SOD2, STMN1, TPM1	23
Adenocarcinoma	Adenocarcinoma	7.94E-03	ATP2A1, DHX9, DSC3, DSG1, DSG3, DSP, FGB, FLII, HNRNPA1, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, LAMB3, LRPPRC, PCNA, PGK1, PKM, RPS9, SOD2, TUBB2A	20
Carcinoma	Carcinoma in lung	7.96E-03	APEX1, ATP2A1, DHX9, DSC3, DSG1, DSG3, DSP, FGB, FGG, HNRNPA1, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, LRPPRC, PCNA, SOD2, STMN1, TUBB2A	18
Carcinoma	Carcinoma in lung	7.96E-03	APEX1, ATP2A1, DHX9, DSC3, DSG1, DSG3, DSP, FGB, FGG, HNRNPA1, HNRNPK, HSPA8, LAMA3, LRPPRC, PCNA, SOD2, STMN1, TUBB2A	18

Erk activation was validated by immunoblotting in tumor tissue overexpressing ADAM17 and in A431 knockdown for ADAM17 gene

Immunoblotting has showed that Erk phosphorylation was increased in tumors overexpressing ADAM17 (Figure 5A-B, n = 2, Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.0034). To further validate these data, we used A431 carcinoma cell line knockdown for ADAM17 gene (Figure 5C) to analyze Erk phosphorylation state and it confirmed lower phosphorylation levels in Erk (Figure 5D-E, n = 2, Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.0001).

Figure 5

Tumors induced by injection of SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17 (AD17-HA) have increased Erk phosphorylation. A: The immunoblotting indicates the expression of ADAM17-HA (anti-HA), total Erk (anti-Erk), phosphorylated Erk (anti-phospho Erk) and as loading control (anti-GAPDH). B: Phosphorylation levels were calculated by band intensity using ImageJ software (n = 2, Fisher’s exact test p = 0.0034). C: Knockdown of ADAM17 expression by shRNA in A431 cell line. Relative ADAM17 mRNA levels comparing shRNA and scrambled and mock control-treated cells were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Each bar represents the mean ± SE of three independent experiments. D: shRNA-ADAM17 cells have shown a decreased in Erk phosphorylation. The immunoblotting indicates the expression of total Erk (anti-Erk), phosphorylated Erk (anti-phospho Erk) and as loading control (anti-GAPDH). E: Phosphorylation levels were calculated by band intensity using ImageJ software (n = 2, Fisher’s exact test p = 0.0001).

SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17 induced EGFR phosphorylation

To investigate a downstream EGRF activation by SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17, a total expression of EGFR and its phosphorylated levels have been evaluated. We first prepared enriched membrane protein extracts and then immunoblotting was performed. As shown in Figure 6, SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17 have increased EGFR phosphorylation compared with SCC-9-GFP control cells.

Figure 6

EGFR shows increased activation in SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17 (AD17-HA). Immunoblotting showing increased EGFR phosphorylation in SCC-9 ADAM17-HA. Immunoblotting was performed using anti-EGFR, anti-phospho EGFR and anti-GAPDH antibodies. Phosphorylation levels were calculated by band intensity using ImageJ software and the GAPDH normalized intensity values are presented under the blots.

ADAM17 expression increases collagenase activity

Collagenase activity of tumors has also been evaluated by zymography. After protein extraction from tumors, SDS-PAGE was performed in nonreducing conditions and it indicated higher collagenase activity for a ~100 kDa band in tumors overexpressing ADAM17 compared to control (Figure 7A and B, n = 3, Student’s t-test p = 0.0285). In addition, we have performed the analysis of collagenase activity in the secretome of A431 knockdown for ADAM17 and we confirmed the results, showing lower collagenase activity in the ~100 kDa compared to scramble shRNA cell line (Figure 7C-D, n = 3, Student’s t-test p = 0.0370).

Figure 7

Tumors induced by injection of SCC-9 cells overexpressing ADAM17 (AD17-HA) have increased collagenase activity. C = tumors induced with SCC-9 overexpressing FLAG-GFP. ADAM17 = tumors induced with SCC-9 overexpressing ADAM17-HA. A: Collagenase activity is increased in SCC-9 overexpressing ADAM17-HA. B: Collagenase activity levels of ~100 kDa band in Figure A were calculated by band intensity using ImageJ software (n = 3, Student’s t-test p = 0.0285). C: shRNA-ADAM17 A431 cell conditioned media have reduced collagenase activity. D: Collagenase activity levels of ~100 kDa band in Figure C were calculated by band intensity using ImageJ software (n = 2, Student’s t-test p = 0.0370).

Discussion

In this report we have provided novel evidences demonstrating ADAM17 overexpression has a potential role in oral cancer development. To first address the concern of whether the overexpressed ADAM17-HA was active and functional, we validated the presence of mature form of the recombinant protein (Figure 1B), which is detected in the presence of inhibitors BB-2516 and 1,10-phenanthroline [17]. We were able to demonstrate an increase of HB-EGF shedding activity in cells overexpressing ADAM17 (Figure 1C). These results are in agreement with recent studies, which used these methods to demonstrate functionality and activity of ADAM17 [17,18].

In a second step, we examined the effect of ADAM17 overexpression in SCC-9 cells in events associated with oral cancer development. We indeed demonstrated that SCC-9 overexpressing ADAM17 showed an increase of cellular viability, migration and adhesion in vitro (Figure 2). Our data further demonstrated, by silencing ADAM17 expression, a decrease of adhesion (Figure 2D) and proliferation (Figure 2E) in A431 cells. These events dictated by ADAM17 were previously associated with other cancer cell lines [1,21-26].

ADAMs have been associated with many types of cancer, including brain, gastric, breast, prostate and lung [1]. Many models have been used to study ADAMs roles in cancer, for example, cells overexpressing ADAM12 were used in a tumor model in a previous study by Rocks et al., [27], but it failed to induce tumors. In another study, knockdown of ADAM15 decreased malignant properties of prostate cancer PC-3 cells, such as migration and adhesion [21]. Although some studies have also shown an important role of ADAM17 in head and neck cancer [28-33], none of them investigated the ADAM17-mediated signaling components that might be involved in oral cancer development.

Firstly, we demonstrated, in an orthotopic tumor model for oral cancer, that tumors overexpressing ADAM17 presented an increase in size and showed higher proliferative activity by immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 (Figure 3A and B, respectively). Secondly, to further provide the significance of ADAM17 in this process, MS-based proteomics were enabled to map some pathways regulated by ADAM17 in tumors induced by SCC-9 cells overexpressing this metalloproteinase. 2,194 proteins were identified in the tumors by MS and 200 proteins showed differential expression with p-value < 0.05. Amongst the regulated pathways found by biological network analysis, Erk signaling cascade was found predicted to be regulated (Figure 4). As expected, the Erk activation by phosphorylation was confirmed by immunoblotting (Figure 5). Erk is a key component of the MAP kinase cascade, which is triggered by growth factors and most of them are substrates of ADAM17 [1,3,22]. The signal transduction is mediated by a MAPK cascade, including Ras, Raf, MEK and the Erk 1/2 [34,35].

In addition, Erk pathway is a downstream signaling pathway of EGFR activation, transmitting several proliferative signals that bind and activate EGFR [5,34]. Some of the ligands of EGFR include important shed substrates of ADAM17, such as HB-EGF and TGF-α [1,3]. ADAM17 is a major sheddase responsible for EGFR signaling [1,5], which is a widely studied oncogene in head and neck tumors and an potential therapeutic target for OSCC treatment [7,8,36-38]. In fact, the overexpressing of ADAM17 in SCC-9 cells induced higher activation by phosphorylation of EGFR (Figure 6).

NF-κB pathway was also regulated by the overexpression of ADAM17 as shown in Figure 4B. NF-κB pathway is known to regulate the immune response to infection and it is also referred as a survival pathway of the cell, presenting a negative regulation of the apoptotic process [39]. Several reports show that dysregulation of NF-κB pathway is related to cancer, and recently to oral cancer development [40]. Other studies have also shown that different inhibitors of NF-κB pathway may be important to hinder tumor progression and to induce tumor cell death [41,42]. TNF-α, one of the main targets of ADAM-17, is known to initiate one of the signaling cascades that ultimately leads to NF-κB pathway activation, linking ADAM17 overexpression to NF-κB pathway regulation, as observed in our data [43]. Accordingly, our data provides additional support to the fact that NF-κB pathway is also involved in development of oral cancer.

The resulting effects of activation of EGFR, Erk and NF-κB pathways include regulation of cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, cell migration, cell survival, differentiation, metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis, which are all dysregulated in many cancer types [25,34,35,44-47]. These features were evidenced by the main function and disease annotations of the proteins associated with ADAM17 overexpression identified by MS (Table 1).

Further, we also observed that protein extracts from tumors overexpressing ADAM17 showed an increase of collagenase activity (Figure 7). Some studies had demonstrated that ADAM17 up-regulates other metalloproteinases, such as MMP-9 [48,49] and, interestingly, this activation was shown to be mediated by Erk pathway [50]. Despite a very complex signaling cascade, the increased collagenase activity found in the extracts of tumors overexpressing ADAM17 could also be associated to Erk phosphorylation, since Erk pathway was also activated in our model.

Conclusion

In summary, our study shows that ADAM17 overexpression interferes in the biological processes associated with oral tumorigenesis and it is able to promote an increase tumor size and proliferation in an orthotopic murine model for oral cancer development. MS-based proteomics of tumors overexpressing ADAM17 indicated that the proteins modulated by ADAM17 are involved in the activation of Erk signaling pathway, which was also evidenced by EGFR activation and higher collagenase activity in tumors overexpressing ADAM17. Taken together, our findings indicate potential proteins regulated by ADAM17 overexpression and demonstrate the potential role of ADAM17 in the development of oral cancer. The understanding of the mechanism by which ADAM17 is associated with oral cancer progression will provide the basis for the development of novel and refined OSCC-targeting approaches.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: FS, AFPL. Performed the experiments: FS, RK, SY, DG, LM, MA, AZBA, RR, ILF, CC, RDC. Analyzed the data: FS, RK, LM, RC, AFPL. Wrote the paper: FS, RK, RDC, EG, AFPL. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Additional file 1: Figure S1

Normal distribution verified by the histogram of LFQ intensity-log2 transformed protein distribution in each sample. Figure S2. Correlation analysis between all of the individual replicates. The reproducibility of label-free quantification as illustrated by the LFQ intensity correlations.

Click here for file

Additional file 2: Table S1

List of proteins identified by LC-MS/MS at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 1%. Protein abundance was calculated on the basis of the normalized spectral protein intensity (LFQ intensity) given by MaxQuant software.

Click here for file

Additional file 3: Table S2

List of proteins identified by LC-MS/MS with LFQ intensity converted into Log2. Significantly expressed proteins given by Student’s t-test (p < 0.05) are shown by “+” label in t-test Significant column.

Click here for file

Additional file 4: Table S3

List of functions and diseases given by IPA software in the genes showed in the network, p-value < 0.05.

Click here for file