Jamie C Messer1, Shahrokh F Shariat2, Colin P Dinney3, Giacomo Novara4, Yves Fradet5, Wassim Kassouf6, Pierre I Karakiewicz7, Hans-Martin Fritsche8, Jonathan I Izawa9, Yair Lotan10, Eila C Skinner11, Derya Tilki12, Vincenzo Ficarra4, Bjoern G Volkmer13, Hendrik Isbarn14, Caimiao Wei15, Seth P Lerner16, Tyler J Curiel17, Ashish M Kamat3, Robert S Svatek18. 1. Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX. 2. Department of Urology, Cornell University, New York City, NY. 3. Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. 4. University of Padua, Padua, Italy. 5. Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada. 6. Department of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 7. Department of Urology, University of Montréal, Montreal, Canada. 8. Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. 9. Departments of Surgery and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. 10. Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. 11. Department of Urology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 12. University Hospital Munich Grosshadern, Munich, Germany. 13. Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. 14. Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini-Clinic, Hamburg, Germany. 15. Department of Statistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. 16. Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. 17. Department of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX. 18. Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX. Electronic address: svatek@uthscsa.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of gender with outcome after radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer. METHODS: An observational cohort study was conducted using retrospectively collected data from 11 centers on patients with advanced bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. The association of gender with disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality was examined using a competing risk analysis. RESULTS: The study comprised 4296 patients, including 890 women (21%). The median follow-up duration was 31.5 months for all patients. Disease recurred in 1430 patients (33.9%) (36.8% of women and 33.1% of men) at a median of 11 months after surgery. Death from any cause was observed in 46.0% of men and 50.1% of women. Cancer-specific death was observed in 33.0% of women and 27.2% of men. Multivariable regression with competing risk found that female gender was associated with an increased risk for disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.108-1.465; P = .007) compared with male gender. Important limitations include the inability to account for additional potential confounders, such as differences in environmental exposures, treatment selection, and histologic subtypes between men and women. CONCLUSION: Our analysis identified female gender as a poor-risk feature for patients undergoing radical cystectomy. This adverse prognostic factor was independent of standard clinical and pathologic features and competing risk from non-cancer-related death.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of gender with outcome after radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer. METHODS: An observational cohort study was conducted using retrospectively collected data from 11 centers on patients with advanced bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. The association of gender with disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality was examined using a competing risk analysis. RESULTS: The study comprised 4296 patients, including 890 women (21%). The median follow-up duration was 31.5 months for all patients. Disease recurred in 1430 patients (33.9%) (36.8% of women and 33.1% of men) at a median of 11 months after surgery. Death from any cause was observed in 46.0% of men and 50.1% of women. Cancer-specific death was observed in 33.0% of women and 27.2% of men. Multivariable regression with competing risk found that female gender was associated with an increased risk for disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.108-1.465; P = .007) compared with male gender. Important limitations include the inability to account for additional potential confounders, such as differences in environmental exposures, treatment selection, and histologic subtypes between men and women. CONCLUSION: Our analysis identified female gender as a poor-risk feature for patients undergoing radical cystectomy. This adverse prognostic factor was independent of standard clinical and pathologic features and competing risk from non-cancer-related death.
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