Dídac Vidal-Piñeiro1, Pablo Martin-Trias1, Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo1, Roser Sala-Llonch1, Imma C Clemente2, Isaias Mena-Sánchez1, Núria Bargalló3, Carles Falcón4, Álvaro Pascual-Leone5, David Bartrés-Faz6. 1. Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 2. Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (IR3C), Barcelona, Spain. 3. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Secció de Neuroradiologia, Servei de Radiologia, Centre de Diagnòstic per la Imatge, Barcelona, Spain. 4. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain. 5. Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Guttmann-UAB, Badalona, Spain. 6. Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: dbartres@ub.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can affect episodic memory, one of the main cognitive hallmarks of aging, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the behavioral and functional impact of excitatory TMS in a group of healthy elders. METHODS: We applied a paradigm of repetitive TMS - intermittent theta-burst stimulation - over left inferior frontal gyrus in healthy elders (n = 24) and evaluated its impact on the performance of an episodic memory task with two levels of processing and the associated brain activity as captured by a pre and post fMRI scans. RESULTS: In the post-TMS fMRI we found TMS-related activity increases in left prefrontal and cerebellum-occipital areas specifically during deep encoding but not during shallow encoding or at rest. Furthermore, we found a task-dependent change in connectivity during the encoding task between cerebellum-occipital areas and the TMS-targeted left inferior frontal region. This connectivity change correlated with the TMS effects over brain networks. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the aged brain responds to brain stimulation in a state-dependent manner as engaged by different tasks components and that TMS effect is related to inter-individual connectivity changes measures. These findings reveal fundamental insights into brain network dynamics in aging and the capacity to probe them with combined behavioral and stimulation approaches.
BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can affect episodic memory, one of the main cognitive hallmarks of aging, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the behavioral and functional impact of excitatory TMS in a group of healthy elders. METHODS: We applied a paradigm of repetitive TMS - intermittent theta-burst stimulation - over left inferior frontal gyrus in healthy elders (n = 24) and evaluated its impact on the performance of an episodic memory task with two levels of processing and the associated brain activity as captured by a pre and post fMRI scans. RESULTS: In the post-TMS fMRI we found TMS-related activity increases in left prefrontal and cerebellum-occipital areas specifically during deep encoding but not during shallow encoding or at rest. Furthermore, we found a task-dependent change in connectivity during the encoding task between cerebellum-occipital areas and the TMS-targeted left inferior frontal region. This connectivity change correlated with the TMS effects over brain networks. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the aged brain responds to brain stimulation in a state-dependent manner as engaged by different tasks components and that TMS effect is related to inter-individual connectivity changes measures. These findings reveal fundamental insights into brain network dynamics in aging and the capacity to probe them with combined behavioral and stimulation approaches.
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