Studies on morphology and cytochemistry in blood cells of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis.

Peripheral blood cells from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, were separated using a density gradient. Blood cells were then smeared using Shandon Cytospin and subjected to cytochemical staining. Blood cells were categorized based on morphological and cytochemical characteristics, and the density fractionation range and nucleus area/cell area ratio were observed. Lymphocytes are distinguished from neutrophils by their basophilic cytoplasm and Golgi-like field. The features of chromatin in thrombocytes are different from those of lymphocytes or neutrophils, but some small neutrophils have similar chromatin. Therefore, it is necessary to perform peroxidase staining to distinguish small neutrophils from thrombocytes. Basophils have large basophilic granules in cytoplasm. Based on density fractionation of blood cells, thrombocytes in the low-density area were separated from other blood cells. Identification of peripheral blood cells from ayu was possible with these staining methods. Monocytes/macrophages from spleen are specifically positive for esterase staining by α-naphthyl butyrate. As a result, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils and monocytes/macrophages were identified in smears from peripheral blood or spleen tissue. In this paper, we confirmed that the peripheral blood corpuscles of ayu are able to be identified using the present staining methods.

Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis is the main fish stock in fresh-water fisheries around Japan, and culture and release programs have been conducted for many years nationwide. Ayu are produced in aquaculture ponds by artificial fry production and are then released into rivers. In both artificial fry production and adult fish culture, fish can develop various diseases caused by the stress of high-density culture, declining water quality and high water temperature in the summer. Endogenous factors, such as species, genetic background, age and sex, functional deficits due to heredity, immunity and internal secretions and exogenous factors that depend on the environment, such as water temperature and water quality, as well as factors, such as pathogenic microbes and parasites, all play a role in the spread of disease among cultured fish [12, 13, 18].

In order to reduce the incidence of disease, it is important to both remove the factors responsible and monitor fish health. As a monitoring method, ascertaining changes in immune function via hematological changes are most appropriate. For this purpose, characterization of the differential leucocyte types in the blood of healthy fish was performed in order to serve as basic knowledge and as a marker of pathologic changes in specific diseases. Moreover, comparative characterization of hematological research with other fish species is also available [12]. The aim of the present research is to categorize the peripheral blood leucocytes in ayu using morphological characteristics (cell diameter, nucleus diameter and the ratios of nuclear area/cell area), density and enzyme staining.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fish sample: Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis were hatched and cultured in the 70 t pond at Takahashigawa Fish Farming Laboratory, Shimobara, Soja, Okayama, Japan. Adult fishes (20–30) were maintained in a indoor tank (1.3 kl) with groundwater at 17–18°C. Fish were fed once daily with commercial ayu pellets for one week before use in experiments. Samples were collected from two males and two females (mean weight, 74.6 g; mean length, 19.5 cm).

Media: PBS: 0.96 g of PBS (−) powder (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan) was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. 10× PBS: 9.6 g of PBS (−) powder was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. 1% Block Ace PBS; 1 g of Block Ace (Block Ace Powder; Snow Brand Milk Products KK, Sapporo, Japan) was dissolved in 100 ml of PBS solution. 100% Percoll solution; 9 parts (v/v) of Percoll (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Uppsala, Sweden) was added to 1 part of 10× PBS. Percoll density gradient medium was prepared by appropriately diluting 100% Percoll solution with 1% Block Ace PBS.

Blood sampling: Caudal blood was extracted from ayu with a syringe (Terumo 1 ml tuberculin; Tokyo, Japan) containing 0.1 ml of heparin (Novoheparin, 1,000 units/ml; Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan). Blood samples from 4 individuals were mixed in 1 tube.

Splenic cells: Spleens were taken from 4 individuals and were gently homogenized in 1×BSA-PBS containing a small amount of heparin. Spleen tissue was ground into a slurry using 2 glass microscope slides. Suspensions were then immediately filtered through absorbent cotton in a Pasteur pipette for removal of aggregates and dead tissue to give a blood cell suspension.

Density gradient separation: Percoll density gradient medium from 68% to 30% (2% intervals) was stratified in a 15-ml centrifuge tube, and 1–2 ml of blood or spleen cell suspension was added to the top. The tube was centrifuged at 6°C using a cooling centrifuge at 388 × g for 30 min. Each density layer, except for the deposition layer for erythrocytes, was added to a Spitz test tube containing 13 ml of 1% BSA-PBS solution, and the suspensions were mixed and centrifuged at 172 × g for 10 min. The upper layer was then removed, and 0.5 ml of the deposited blood cell layer was suspended with a pipette and mixed with 14 ml of 1% BSA-PBS, followed by centrifugation at 110 × g for 10 min. This procedure was repeated, and the pellet was re-suspended in 0.5 ml of 1% BSA-PBS. Blood cell count was performed with a Neubauer-type hemocytometer, and after suitable dilution, this was taken as the sample for smears.

Smears: In the sample chamber, 30–50 µl of blood cell suspension was placed, and smears were carried out at 113 × g for 10 min using Shandon Cytospin 4 (Thermo Electron Co., Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.). After centrifugation, the sample was dried with cool air.

Staining: May-Grünwald Giemsa (Muto Pure Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) (MGG) and Leishman-Giemsa (Merck KgaA, Darmstat, Germany) (LSG) [12] were employed for Romanowsky staining in the morphological study. Peroxidase:3,3′ diaminobenzidine method (PO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), nonspecific esterase:α-naphthyl butyrate method (EST-αNB) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were employed for cytochemical study. All of these staining methods were performed with the respective staining kits (Muto Pure Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). For metachromasia research, toluidine blue (Sigma Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) staining was employed, and stained smears were rinsed in aqueous solutions of HCl adjusted to pH 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 [21].

Observation of cells and Photography: Images of blood cells in the stained smears were obtained using a camera (Olympus DP71; Tokyo, Japan) attached to a microscope (Olympus BX51).

Image analysis: The area and diameter (Feret’s diameter) of blood cells and their nuclei were calculated using Image J (National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.).

With regard to cytochemical activity, cells were divided into 5 types based on the number of positive granules present in the cytoplasm; type 0 (no positive granules) was considered to be negative (−), type I (1–5 positive granules) was considered to be slightly positive (±), and types II − V (more than 5 positive granules) were considered to be positive (+). When cell cytoplasm showed diffusely positive staining, no positive parts of the cytoplasm were considered to be negative (−), faintly positive activity staining was considered to be slightly positive (±), and diffuse positive staining throughout the cytoplasm was considered to be positive (+) [1, 11].

RESULTS

Morphological observation of ayu blood cells: Blood cells from the caudal vein and spleen of ayu were collected (except for erythrocytes) by density gradient separation. Blood cells stained with MGG were categorized based on morphological characteristics. The main cells in peripheral blood were divided into three groups; A, B and C. Group A was subdivided into A1 and A2 (Fig. 1a and 1b), while Aa and Ab cells were obtained from a peripheral blood smear prepared using the wedge technique. Group B was subdivided into B1, B2 and B3 (Fig. 1e, 1f and 1g), and group C was subdivided into C1, C2 and C3 (Fig. 1h–1j).

Fig. 1.

Cells from peripheral blood (a-l) and spleen (m, n) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis after May-Grünward Giemsa staining (Bar=10 µm). a: A1 type (arrow), b: A2 type (arrow), c: Aa type (arrow), d: Ab type (arrow), e: B1 type, f: B2 type, g: B3 type, h: C1 type (arrow), i: C2 type, j: C3 type, k: D type, l: E type and m, n: F type

Group A was composed of small cells with basophilic cytoplasm and nucleus and containing homogeneously packed chromatin. Cells in group B had basophilic blue cytoplasm. Cells in group C had light blue-gray or light peach-gray cytoplasm, and granules were not apparent. Nuclei showed rough condensed chromatin. Few group D and E cells were seen in peripheral blood (Fig. 1k and 1l). In addition, group F cells were seen in the spleen (Fig. 1m and 1n). Cytoplasm in D cells showed large blue-purple granules. Group E cells were the largest and possessed vesicles/vacuoles and inclusions, and the nucleus was kidney-shaped with linearly packed chromatin. The morphological characteristics of group F cells were almost the same of those of E cells. The ratio of nucleus area to cell area (N/C) was calculated using more than 1,000 cells from groups A, B and C, as well as some D, E and F cells. Based on seven 50–60 g fish, the appearance ratios for each group of peripheral white blood cells were calculated using more than 400 cells.

Group A cells: A1 type cells were small, round or spindle-shaped with an area of 8–22 (13 ± 3) µm2 and a diameter of 4–6 (5 ± 0.6) µm and constituting 3.8 ± 0.9% of total white blood cells. The cytoplasm was gray or light blue-purple on Romanowsky staining, but there were also cells with very narrow cytoplasm. The N/C ratio was 0.68 ± 0.09. The nucleus was dark purplish-red and spindle-shaped with homogeneously packed chromatin. It was observed that most A1 cells were aggregated (Fig. 1a) (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1.

Cell area, nucleus area, cell diameter, nucleus diameter and the nucleus area/cell area ratio (N/C ratio) of cells from peripheral blood and spleen of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis

Cell type	Collected part	No. Measured	Cell area (µm2)	Nucleus area (µm2)	Cell diam. (µm)	Nucleus diam.(µm)	N/Cratio
			Range	Range	Range	Range	Range
			Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Aa	Caudal veina)	29	17 ∼ 28	12 ∼ 18	5 ∼ 7	4 ∼ 6	0.55 ∼ 0.81
			22 ± 4	14 ± 2	6 ± 1	5 ± 1	0.68 ± 0.09
Ab	Caudal veina)	34	22 ∼ 34	14 ∼ 19	6 ∼ 10	5 ∼ 8	0.53 ∼ 0.66
			27 ± 3	16 ± 2	8 ± 1	7 ± 1	0.60 ± 0.04
A1	Caudal vein	85	8 ∼ 22	4 ∼ 14	4 ∼ 6	3 ∼ 5	0.54 ∼ 0.85
			13 ± 3	9 ± 2	5 ± 0.6	4 ± 0.5	0.68 ± 0.07
A2	Caudal vein	770	16 ∼ 59	9 ∼ 32	5 ∼ 10	4 ∼ 8	0.35 ∼ 0.78
			35 ± 9	18 ± 4	8 ± 1	6 ± 1	0.52 ± 0.10
B1	Caudal vein	79	22 ∼ 77	14 ∼ 40	6 ∼ 12	5 ∼ 10	0.37 ∼ 0.83
			44 ± 11	23 ± 5	9 ± 1	7 ± 1	0.54 ± 0.09
B2	Caudal vein	54	71 ∼ 118	27 ∼ 43	11 ∼ 17	7 ∼ 12	0.25 ∼ 0.43
			100 ± 24	34 ± 6	14 ± 2	9 ± 1	0.35 ± 0.09
B3	Caudal vein	11	124 ∼ 147	32 ∼ 47	15 ∼ 19	8 ∼ 11	0.25 ∼ 0.36
			135 ± 8	39 ± 4	17 ± 1	10 ± 1	0.29 ± 0.03
C1	Caudal vein	50	39 ∼ 60	13 ∼ 25	7 ∼ 10	5 ∼ 8	0.27 ∼ 0.56
			51 ± 7	19 ± 3	9 ± 1	7 ± 1	0.38 ± 0.06
C2	Caudal vein	269	60 ∼ 120	9 ∼ 45	10 ∼ 21	5 ∼ 13	0.14 ∼ 0.49
			94 ± 16	28 ± 6	13 ± 2	9 ± 1	0.30 ± 0.05
C3	Caudal vein	62	120 ∼ 201	23 ∼ 48	13 ∼ 22	6 ∼ 13	0.15 ∼ 0.38
			140 ± 15	35 ± 5	16 ± 2	10 ± 1	0.25 ± 0.04
D	Caudal vein	1	109	35	16	10	0.32
E	Caudal vein	1	193	48	21	11	0.25
F	spleen	19	124 ∼ 308	16 ∼ 47	15 ∼ 24	6 ∼ 12	0.09 ∼ 0.21
			216 ± 46	28 ± 8	20 ± 2	9 ± 2	0.13 ± 0.04

a) Smear using Wedge technique.

Table 2.

Percentage of various cells in peripheral blood of Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis

Cell type	percentage
	Mean ± SD
A1	3.6 ± 0.9
A2	49.1 ± 6.9
B1	6.2 ± 3.7
B2	5.0 ± 3.1
B3	0.8 ± 0.5
C1	16.5 ± 6.6
C2	18.6 ± 3.4
C3	0.3 ± 0.2
D	0.03 ± nc
E	0.03 ± nc

nc: no calculate.

A2 type cells were round or oval with an area of 16–59 (35 ± 9) µm2 and a diameter of 5–10 (8 ± 1) µm and constituting 49.1 ± 6.9% of total blood cells. The N/C ratio was 0.52 ± 0.1. The cytoplasm of A2 cells was gray or light blue-purple or light blue and tended to have cytoplasmic pseudopodia. Unlike A1 type cells, the A2 nucleus was light purplish-red, but with homogeneously packed chromatin, similarly to A1 type cells. Nuclei had many shape forms, including round, kidney-shaped and horseshoe-shaped (Fig. 1b) (Tables 1 and 2).

Aa and Ab type cells were observed on smears obtained using the Wedge method.

Aa type cells were round or bean-shaped with an area of 17–28 (22 ± 4) µm2 and a diameter of 5–7 (6 ± 1) µm. The N/C ratio was 0.68 ± 0.09. Cytoplasm in Aa was colorless, gray or light blue-purple. The Aa nucleus was purplish-red with faint roughly condensed chromatin, and the end included a nick (Fig. 1c) (Tables 1 and 2).

Ab type cells were spike-shaped with an area of 22–34 (27 ± 3) µm2 and a diameter of 6–10 (8 ± 1) µm. N/C ratio was 0.60 ± 0.04. The cytoplasm of Aa was gray or light blue-purple. The Ab nucleus was light purplish-red with faint rough condensed chromatin (Fig. 1d) (Tables 1 and 2).

Group B cells: B1 type cells were round, oval or bean-shaped with an area of 22–77 (44 ± 11) µm2 and a diameter of 6–12 (9 ± 1) µm and constituting 6.2 ± 3.7% of total white blood cells. The N/C ratio was 0.54 ± 0.09. Basophilic cytoplasm was blue or light blue on Romanowsky staining, but the Golgi-like field near the nucleus was gray or a weak peach color. Cytoplasmic pseudopodia were not observed in B1 cells. The eccentric nucleus was round or oval with rough condensed chromatin (Fig. 1e) (Tables 1 and 2). For convenience, B2 and B3 were divided based on area; B2 cells had an area of 71–118 (100 ± 24) µm2 and a diameter of 11–17 (14 ± 2) µm and constituted 5.0 ± 3.1% of total white blood cells, while B3 cells had an area of 124–147 (135 ± 8) µm2 and a diameter of 15–19 (17 ± 1) µm and constituted 0.8 ± 0.5% of total blood cells. B2 and B3 cells were round or spindle-shaped, and some cells with cytoplasmic pseudopodia were seen. The cytoplasm was blue-gray or light blue, and the Golgi-like field had some colorless vesicles. Nuclei were kidney-shaped, horseshoe-shaped or infinity-shaped with rough condensed chromatin (Fig. 1f and 1g) (Tables 1 and 2).

Group C cells: All cells in group C had the same morphological features. C cells had an area of 36–201 µm2(7–21 µm in diameter) and were divided into C1: 39–60 (51 ± 7) µm2, C2: 60–120 (94 ± 16) µm2 and C3: 120–201 (140 ± 15) µm2. C1, C2 and C3 constituted 16.5 ± 6.6%, 18.6 ± 3.4% and 0.3 ± 0.2% of total white blood cells, respectively. C cells were round or oval, cytoplasm was light blue-gray or light peach-gray, and granules were invisible. Nuclei were round, spindle-shaped, kidney-shaped or rod-shaped with rough condensed chromatin, but the nuclei of C1 cells included faint rough condensed chromatin (Fig. 1h–1j) (Tables 1 and 2). Cells with a constricted portion of one-third the nuclear width or less were considered to be bilobed. Bilobed nuclei were present in approximately 20% of C cells (Table 3).

Table 3.

Production of segmented (bilobed nuclei) cells by subgroup of C cells from ayu, ,Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis

Type	Appearance (%)
	Mean ± SD
C1	16 ± 8
C2	13 ± 5
C3	27 ± 43

Group D cells: There was one D cell in 1,853 observed cells. This cell was oval and had an area of 109 µm2(14 µm in diameter). The N/C ratio was 0.32. Cytoplasm was light blue-gray and light red in parts with large blue- purple granules of 0.3–0.4 µm. The D cell was observed only in the fraction of specific gravity (SG) 1.066. The nucleus was red-purple and was kidney-shaped and contained the same large blue-purple granules as in cytoplasm. The chromatin net was unclear (Fig. 1k) (Tables 1 and 2).

Group E cells: There was also one E cell in 1,853 observed cells. E cells were the largest oval cells with pseudopodia in peripheral white blood cells with an area of 193 µm2 (21 µm in diameter). The N/C ratio was 0.25. The E cell was observed only in the fraction of SG 1.063. Cytoplasm was light blue-gray with scattered blue granules, and some vesicles/vacuoles of about 3 µm and dark red-purple stained inclusions were observed. Nuclei were kidney-shaped with linear packed chromatin (Fig. 1l) (Tables 1 and 2).

Group F cells: F cells were the largest cells in the spleen of ayu and were round, oval or amoeboid in shape with pseudopodia and an area of 124–308 (216 ± 46) µm2 and a diameter of 15–24 (20 ± 2) µm. The N/C ratio was 0.09–0.21 (0.13 ± 0.04) (Table 1). The morphological characteristics of F cells were almost the same as those of E cells. Phagocytosed erythrocytes (Fig. 1m), vesicles/vacuoles and black-blue or black-brown inclusions were seen in the cytoplasm of F cell. Nuclei were oval (Fig. 1m) or rod-shaped (Fig. 1n) with faint linear packed chromatin.

Percoll density gradient separation of blood cells: The density layers in which blood cells were present comprised 32% Percoll (SG 1.042) to 60% Percoll (SG 1.075), and erythrocytes precipitated below the 62% layer. Peripheral blood was taken from four healthy ayu using heparin, and these samples were mixed. Mixed blood was placed on the Percoll gradient solution and separated by density.

Blood cells seen in each density layer were classified as A, B, C, D and E cells, 60–300 blood cells were counted in each group, and the percentage of each blood cell in each layer was calculated (Table 4). The SG range for A1 and A2 cells was 1.042–1.056. For the B group, B1 was isolated at 1.052–1.063, B2 at 1.059–1.063 and B3 at 1.056–1.061; however, B1 and B2 were also seen at 1.073–1.075. C group cells were present in higher SG layers; C1 was seen at 1.056–1.059 and 1.070–1.075, while C2 and C3 were seen at 1.059–1.075. C1 and C3 were also seen at 1.042–1.045. D cells were only seen at 1.066, and E cells were only seen at 1.063.

Table 4.

Percentage of blood cells from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, separated by Percoll density gradient

% of percoll	Specific gravity	Blood cell type
		A1	A2	B1	B2	B3	C1	C2	C3	D	E
32	1.042	5	64	0	2	0	3	7	20	0	0
34	1.045	9	52	1	2	0	0	16	20	0	0
36	1.047	9	88	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
38	1.049	13	81	4	0	0	1	1	0	0	0
40	1.052	11	61	17	1	0	0	6	4	0	0
42	1.054	1	71	11	1	0	0	10	7	0	0
44	1.056	11	43	15	2	3	6	13	5	0	0
46	1.059	0	9	25	5	3	9	24	25	0	0
48	1.061	0	1	24	6	5	2	45	16	0	0
50	1.063	0	10	40	5	0	2	29	14	0	<0.02*
52	1.066	0	0	0	5	0	1	70	25	<0.02*	0
54	1.068	0	0	0	3	0	0	42	55	0	0
56	1.070	0	0	0	4	3	7	55	31	0	0
58	1.073	0	1	4	6	0	17	62	10	0	0
60	1.075	0	0	14	9	0	8	45	23	0	0

* Count cell numbers: >5,000 cells.

N/C rati: The relationship between cell area (CA) and N/C ratio for each white blood cell is shown in Fig. 2a, 2b and 2c. The value of N/C ratio tended to decrease inversely with CA size in A1, A2, Aa and Ab cells (Fig. 2a). Aa and Ab plots overlapped with A2 plots, and some Aa plots overlapped with A1 plots. Data for B1, B2, B3, E and F are shown in Fig. 2b. The gradients for B1, B2 and B3 appear to be shifting, and the plot for E fell on an extended line from the plot for B2 and B3. The relationship between CA and N/C ratio for B, E and F cells showed an inverse correlation, similarly to A cells in Fig. 2a. On the other hand, in the plot for F, changes in the value of the N/ C ratio were uncommon (Fig. 2b). The data for C1, C2, C3 and D are plotted in Fig. 2c, which also shows an inverse relationship. C1, C2 and C3 were divided by cell size, and thus, continuity of the graph is observed. Moreover, D is buried within the plot group for C2.

Fig. 2.

Relationship between cell area and nucleus area/cell area (N/C) ratio in peripheral blood cells and splenic tissue from ayu Plecoglossu altivelis altivelis. a: A1 type, A2 type, Aa type and Ab type cells. b: B1 type, B2 type, B3 type, E type and F type cells. c: C1 type, C2 type, C3 type and D type cells.

Leishman-Giemsa staining (LSG): Leishman-Giemsa and MGG are included in Romanowsky staining; therefore, the staining results for LMG resembled those of MGG (Fig. 3). Basophilic cytoplasm in A1 and A2 on LMG staining was blue-violet. The nucleus of A1 was dark purplish-red, while that of A2 was purplish-red (Fig. 3a and 3b).

Fig. 3.

Cells from peripheral blood (a-h) and spleen (i) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, after Leishman-Giemsa staining. Bar=10 µm, a: A1 type (arrow), b: A2 type, c: B1 type (arrow), d: B2 type, e: B3 type, f: C1 type (arrow), g: C2 type, h: C3 type and i: F type.

Toluidine blue staining: Smears were stained with toluidine blue and rinsed in aqueous solutions pH 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5. Cell images from rinsed smears at pH 4.5 are shown in Fig. 4. Metachromatic cells were not observed in rinsed smears, irrespective of pH.

Fig. 4.

Cells from peripheral blood (a–h) and spleen (i) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, after toluidine blue staining (rinsed in water at pH 4.5). Bar=10 µm, a: A1 type (arrow), b: A2 type (arrow), c: B1 type (arrow), d: B2 type, e: B3 type, f: C1 type (arrow), g: C2 type (arrow), h: C3 type and i: F type.

Peroxidase (PO) staining: The A and B groups were negative. As the after-stain was Giemsa staining, negative cells in the A cells (Fig. 5a and 5b) and B cells (Fig. 5c–5e) showed staining characteristics that were similar to those of MGG. C cells were peroxidase positive, and whole cytoplasm was stained light brown or brown with a blackish brown granule seen with few cells (Fig. 5f–5h). Rank order of positive activity was C1>C2>C3. Cytoplasm in C2 and C3 cells showed unstained vacuoles, and the nucleus was dark purple or dark brown with the nucleus being belt-shaped or an aggregated shape (Fig. 5f–5h). Cytoplasm in F cells showed trace levels of dark brown staining (Fig. 5i). D and E cells were not observed in any cytochemically stained smears.

Fig. 5.

Cells from peripheral blood (a-h) and spleen (i) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, after peroxidase (3,3′ diaminobenzidine method)-Giemsa staining. Bar=10 µm, a: A1 type (arrow), b: A2 type, c: B1 type, d: B2 type, e: B3 type, f: C1 type (arrow), g: C2 type, h: C3 type and i: F type.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): The A1 and A2 groups were negative (Fig. 6a and 6b). In B1, B2 and B3 cells, a blue granule near the nucleus showed grade I staining (Fig. 6c–6e). C1 and C2 cells showed grade IV staining, and many large granules were observed (Fig. 6f and 6g), while C3 cells showed grade III staining (Fig. 6h). Similarly to DAB staining, the rank order of ALP positivity was C1>C2>C3. F cells were negative (Fig. 6i).

Fig. 6.

Cells from peripheral blood (a-h) and spleen (i) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, after alkaline phosphatase staining.

Bar=10 µm, ex: magnified image of corresponding box, a: A1 type (arrow), b: A2 type (arrow), c, cex: B1 type, d, dex: B2 type, e, eex: B3 type, f: C1 type (arrow), g: C2 type (arrow), h: C3 type and i: F type.

Acid phosphatase (ACP): A1 and A2 cells showed grade I staining, and the cytoplasm had several red-purple granules with a few dark red-purple granules observed in the nucleus (Fig. 7a–7c). B1, B2 and B3 cells showed grade III staining, and the cytoplasm showed aggregated granules (Fig. 7d–7f). C group cells showed grade IV staining, and the cytoplasm was full of small granules (Fig. 7g–7i). F cells showed grade III staining, and large granules with a purple-red staining were observed in about half of the cytoplasm (Fig. 7j).

Fig. 7.

Cells from peripheral blood (a-i) and spleen (j) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, after acid phosphatase staining (Bar=10 µm). a: Ab type (arrow), b: A1 type (arrow), c: A2 type (arrow), d: B1 type, e: B2 type, f: B3 type, g: C1 type, h: C2 type (arrow), i: C3 type and j: F type.

Nonspecific esterase (EST α-NB): A and B group cells were negative (Fig. 8a–8e). C group showed slight staining of granules (Fig. 8f–8h). F cells showed grade III staining, and the cytoplasm was light reddish-brown with aggregated granules of blackish-brown color (Fig. 8i).

Fig. 8.

Cells from peripheral blood (a-h) and spleen (i) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis after esterase (α-naphthyl butyrate method) staining. Bar=10 µm, PG: positive granule, a: A1 type, b: A2 type, c: B1 type (arrow), d: B2 type (arrow), e: B3 type (arrow), f: C1 type (arrow), g: C2 type, h: C3 type and i: F type (center).

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction: PAS activity in A1 and A2 cells was negative (Fig. 9a and 9b). Cytoplasm in B cells had several granules of red-purple color showing grade I staining (Fig. 9c–9e). C cells showed grade III staining (Fig. 9f–9h), and granules were scattered throughout the cytoplasm. In particular, a fringe region of cytoplasm showed strong activity. F cells showed grade II staining, and the cytoplasm near the nucleus showed large aggregated granules with red-purple staining (Fig. 9i).

Fig. 9.

Cells from peripheral blood (a-h) and spleen (i) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, after staining with periodic acid Schiff reaction. Bar=10 µm, a: A1 type (arrow), b: A2 type (arrow), c: B1 type (arrow), d: B2 type, e: B3 type, f: C1 type (arrow), g: C2 type, h: C3 type and i: F type.

DISCUSSION

The morphological characteristics of leucocytes and thrombocytes in fish stained with Romanowsky dyes are summarized from previous references in Table 5 [7, 12, 19]. In many cases, the terms used to describe fish blood cells are borrowed from mammalian hematology due to the morphological similarities. Leucocytes in fish have some overlapping features with those in mammals [7, 12]. Leucocytes and thrombocytes in ayu are categorized with reference to other fish (Table 6).

Table 5.

Morphplogical characteristics of blood cells from fish [7, 12, 19]

Cell type	Form of a cell	Cytoplasm	Nucleus	Notes
Thrombocyte	∙ Spiked, spindle, oval or one-nucleus shape [7, 12]∙ Morphological change by artificial manipulation.(round, oval) [12]∙ Pseudopodia by stimulation [12]∙ Many reports of several species [12]	∙ Blue in immature and grayish blue in mature [7]∙ Granules: young deeply basophilic, intermediate light basophilic [7, 19]	∙ Ribbed arranged chromatin [7]∙ Indented heterochromatin which transverse the nucleus [19]
Lymphocyte	∙ Round or oval shape [12]∙ From small to large cell [12]∙ Produce a pseudopodia by stimulation [12]	∙ Narrow cytoplasm [12]∙ Blue, graish blue, light blue cytoplasm [12]∙ Azurophilic granules in cytoplasmic also sometimes seen [17]∙ Golgi field [12]	∙ Roughly condensed chromatin [12] and dense patched heterochromatin [19]∙ Round shape [12]∙ Many cells have cleaved or constriced parts [12]∙ Occasional nucleus [19]	∙ Resemble to human cell∙ Plasma cells have been found in the peripheral blood of many fish [19]
Neutrophil	∙ Round or oval shape* [7, 12]	∙ Basophilic color (immature form), light blue, greyish blue and light red cytoplasm [12]∙ Colorless granules, dark gray, gray granules, light red, bluish red, purplish-red small granules [7, 12]∙ Two types of granules are formed in immature and mature goldfish [19]	∙ Round,oval,lobe kidney,horseshoe [7, 12]∙ Several lobes (2–5)* [7, 12]
Basophil	∙ Round shape* [12]	∙ Basophilic cytoplasm [19], light red, dark bluish purple granule* [12]∙ Light brown cytoplasm (carp,crucian carp) [12]∙ Pansy large granule (carp,crucian carp) [12]	∙ Densely stained nucleus [12]∙ Ambiguous chromatin net [12]	∙ Rare appearance [12]∙ It is easy to release a granule by water and alcohol [12].
Eosinophil	∙ Round or oval shape* [12]	∙ Vermeil-red large granule* [12]∙ Beige granule (freshwater fish) [12]∙ Vermeil-red granule (seawater fish) [12]	∙ Sausage-shaped or bilobed eccentric nucleus [19]∙ Rough condensed and reticulated chromatin* [12]	∙ Easy cytolysis under unsuitable specimen preparation [12]
Monocyte/macrophage	∙ Most large cell in leucocytes * [12]∙ Oval, irregular or amoeboid * [12]∙ Pseudopodium [12]	∙ Basophlilic, gray, bluish purple cytoplasm* [12]∙ Basophilic color at immature form [12]∙ Scattered purplish red granule around nucleus* [12]∙ Agranular gray-blue cytoplasm [19]∙ Vesicle/vacuoles and inclusion [19]∙ Golgi field does not exist* [12]	∙ Round, kidney type or irregular bilobe* [12]∙ Rough condensed and linear chromatin* [12]	∙ Resemble to human cell [12]

*: Characteristic of human blood.

Table 6.

Morphological characteristics of cells from peripheral blood and spleen in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis

Part of collectedsample blood cell	Cell type		Morphology	Cytoplasm	Nucleus
Caudal vein	A1A2AaAb	ThrombocyteThrombocyteThrombocyteThrombocyte	A1:round,spindleA2:round,ovalAa:round or bean-shapeAb:spikedA1:aggregatedA1,A2:pseudopodia	∙ A1:gray,light blue-purple∙ A2:gray,light blue-purple, light blue∙ Aa,Ab:colourless, gray or light blue-purple∙ Ab: gray or light blue-purple	∙ A1:dark purplish-red, Aa:purplish-red, A2,Ab:light purplish-red∙ A1:round or spindle, A2: round, kidney-shape or horseshoe-shape, Aa::round or bean-shape, Ab:rod-shape∙ A1, A2:homogeneously packed chromatin∙ Aa, Ab: faint rough condensed chromatin
Caudal vein	B1	Lymphocyte	B1:round, oval or bean-shapeB1:small cell	∙ Blue or light blue∙ Golgi field	∙ Round or oval∙ Rough condensed chromatin but indistinct chromatin net
Caudal vein	B2B3	LymphocyteLymphocyte	B2,B3:round, ovalB2,B3middle,large cellB2,B3:pseudopodia	∙ Blue-gray or light blue∙ Colorless vesicles∙ Golgi field	∙ Kidney-shape, horseshoe-shape, or infinite-shape∙ Rough condensed chromatin.
Caudal vein	C1C2C3	NeutrophilNeutrophilNeutrophil	∙ Round or oval∙ Small~large cell	∙ Light blue gray or light peach gray∙ Invisible granules	∙ Round, spindle, kidney-shape or rod-shape∙ Bilobed nuclei∙ Rough condensed chromatin∙ C1:faint rough condensed chromatin
Caudal vein	D	Basophil	∙ Oval	∙ Light blue-gray and light red in part∙ Large blue-purple granules	∙ Kidney-shape∙ Large blue-purple granules on nucleus∙ Unclear chromatin net
Caudal vein	E	Monocyte/Macrophage	∙ Large cell∙ Oval∙ Pseudopodia	∙ Light blue gray∙ Blue granules, dark red-purple stained inclusions and vesicles/vacuole∙ Invisible Golgi-like field	∙ Kidney-shape∙ Lineal packed chromatin
Spleen	F	Monocyte/Macrophage	∙ Large cell∙ Round, oval or amoeboid-shape∙ Pseudopodia	∙ Light blue gray∙ Black-blue or black-brown stained inclusions and vesicles/vacuoles∙ Invisible Golgi field	∙ Oval, kidney, rod or amorphous∙ Lineal packed chromatin but indistinct chromatin net

Thrombocytes (A type cells): Thrombocytes are readily deformed after blood collecting, and Ikeda et al. [12] sketched the thrombocyte shapes seen at each stage. Aa and Ab were thrombocytes smeared using the Wedge technique immediately after blood sampling. Ab cells showed a spiked shape, and the morphological changes do not appear to advance. Aa was similar to thrombocytes that showed changes in morphology. The structure of nucleus chromatins was rough in Aa and was condensed rods in Ab. On the other hand, A1 and A2 cells were obtained by density gradient separation and cytospin. The morphological changes were progressive. Ikeda et al. [12] also showed images of gathered thrombocytes or aggregated cells and designated active thrombocytes. There is a close resemblance between A1 type cells and the cells in Ikeda et al.’s report. The nucleus showed a dark red-purple color and was clearly distinguished from other blood cells. Moreover, the features of aggregated thrombocytes were observed (data not shown). The color of the A2 nucleus after staining MGG was bright when compared with A1. With regard to the differences in these nuclei, Saunders [20] showed that thrombocytes have two staining properties. Although LSG staining was excellent for detection of thrombocytes among other blood cells, the nuclei of thrombocytes after LSG staining showed two distinct colors, similarly to MGG staining (Fig. 3). The most important morphological characteristic of A2 cells was the homogeneous nucleus chromatin. As this characteristic was also seen in A1, nucleus chromatin probably changed as a result of Percoll density separation (Fig. 1a and 1b). On density gradient separation, A1 and A2 cells were collected from density 1.042–1.047, but B1 and C1 cells were markedly separated from A1 and A2 cells (Table 4).

Lymphocytes (B type cells): Cytoplasm of B1 cells in the case of MGG was blue or light blue and had a Golgi-like field and nucleus with rough condensed chromatin. B1 cells thus have typical features of lymphocytes (Tables 5 and 6). The roughly condensed chromatin in B1 cells was a major difference from the homogeneously packed chromatin in A cells and was an important point of distinction among small blood cells. On the other hand, numerous B2 and B3 cells showed altered morphology similarly to B1 cells. B2 and B3 cells were round or spindle-shaped with some cells having cytoplasmic pseudopodia. The cytoplasm in the case of MGG was blue-gray or light blue and included colorless vesicles. The nuclei were kidney-shaped, horseshoe-shaped or infinity-shaped. Features similar to monocytes/macrophages were seen, but these are more likely to be lymphocytes because basophilic cytoplasm and a Golgi-like field are observed. We use the term Golgi-like field in this paper, and although more detailed staining is necessary, we used this term because the staining indicated that this area was the Golgi field.

Granulocytes (C and D type cells): C1, C2 and C3 cells were round or oval, and their cytoplasm in the case of MGG was gray, light blue-gray or light peach-gray with no granules. Nuclei were round, spindle-shaped, kidney-shaped or rod-shaped with rough condensed chromatin, and bilobed nuclei were also seen. These typical features are indicative of neutrophils (Tables 5 and 6). Small C1 cells may have therefore been mistaken for other blood cells. When cell area decreases, cytoplasm becomes relatively small and the ratio occupied by the nucleus increases. C1 neutrophils with faint rough chromatin were seen, and this makes identification of neutrophils and thrombocytes difficult. Therefore, it was necessary to use PO staining, etc., for identification, in addition to MGG staining. By performing PO staining in parallel to MGG, Yuki [22] has advocated that the changes in blood cell composition of fish can be expressed rationally. On the other hand, for identification of basophils or eosinophils, the presence of basophilic or eosinophilic granules is indispensable. For basophilic granules, Suzuki [21] noted basophilic material combined with basic dye was readily extruded, even in extremely diluted electrolyte solution; therefore, dilution of dyes with distilled water is essential for retention of the granules in MGG stain. This study used MGG staining with the same procedure, and few D cells from ayu were recognized. As D cells had basophilic granules, they were considered to be basophils. In addition, cells showing metachromasia in the peripheral blood after toluidine blue staining were not recognized. There are very few basophils in the peripheral white blood of ayu. Eosinophils were not observed in the peripheral white blood, and this may be because they are scarce or do not exist. However, we observed the cells derived from peripheral white blood cell fraction using Percoll density gradient. Eosinophilic or basophilic cells may exist in another fraction.

Monocytes/macrophages (E and F cells): Fish monocytes/macrophages are the largest leucocytes. Cytoplasm in the case of MGG is light blue-gray, and the Golgi-like field is not present. Moreover, granules and vessels/vesicles are seen in the cytoplasm (Table 5). E and F cells in peripheral blood or spleen from ayu had these features (Fig. 1l–1n), and as the Golgi-like field was not seen in the cytoplasm, they could be distinguished from lymphocytes. However, monocytes/macrophages (E cells) were scarcely present in ayu peripheral blood, which was only 0.1% leucocytes (Table 2). Ellis [6] reported monocytes in smears from normal plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) blood, accounting for about 0.1–0.2% of the total white blood cells, including thrombocytes. The eccentric nucleus of monocytes in plaice typically occupied less than half of the cell and was often notched or horseshoe-shaped with loosely arranged chromatin. Macrophages from plaice can be considered to consist of three main types: free round cells (free macrophages), fixed macrophages and melano-macrophages. In addition, free macrophages were observed in smears of kidney, spleen, thymus, mesentery and peritoneal fluid. They had a wide size range. The nucleus was eccentric and typically round with loosely packed chromatin. The abundant cytoplasm was only slightly basophilic on Romanowsky staining, and vacuoles were sometimes present. Darkly stained inclusions were sometimes seen and considered to be phagocytozed debris. It is possible that the nucleus of E cells from ayu peripheral blood whose N/C ratio is 0.25 (Table 1) is smaller than the nucleus of monocytes from plaice peripheral blood [6]. The N/C ratio of monocytes/macrophages (E and F cells) is small and differs from other cells that show very little change in N/C ratio value, even if the size of CA is different (Fig. 2b). Thus, not only F cells from spleen, but E cells from peripheral blood have similar features as free macrophages from plaice.

Cytochemical staining: Cytochemical staining is used to detect illnesses related to blood (clinical hematology) or as an additional means of identifying blood cell type. As described above, the differential blood cells from ayu were already identified based on morphological features by Romanowsky staining. The A group cells were thrombocytes, the B group cells were lymphocytes, the C group cells were neutrophils, the D cell were basophils, and the E and F group cells were monocytes/macrophages. Cytochemical features of differential leucocytes and thrombocytes from ayu and data on several types of teleost are summarized in Table 7 [4,5,6, 8,9,10, 14, 15, 21]. Furthermore, the cytochemical features of leucocytes from human blood are shown in Table 8 [16].

Table 7.

Cytochemical reactivity of blood cells from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, and several teleosts [4,5,6, 8,9,10, 14, 15, 21]

Cytochemical reaction	Fish species	Thrombocyte		Lymphocyte		Neutrophil		Basophil		Eosinophil		Monocyte/Macrophage
		C.R.	[Ref.]	C.R.	[Ref.]	C.R.	[Ref.]	C.R.	[Ref.]	C.R.	[Ref.]	C.R.	[Ref.]
PO	Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis	–		–		+						– ~ ±
	Cyprinus carpio	–	[8]	–	[4,9]	+	[21]	–	[21]			–, +	[4,9]
	Carassius auratus	–	[8]	–	[9]							+	[9]
	Carassius carassius	–	[8]									+	[9]
	Ictalurus punctatus	–	[5]			+	[5]					–	[5]
	Salmo irideus	–	[8]	–	[9]							+	[9]
	Anguilla anguilla	–	[8]	–	[9]							+	[9]
	Takifugu vermicularis					+	[21]	–	[21]
	Takifugu niphobles					+	[10]			–	[10]
	Takifugu rubripes					+	[10]			–	[10]
	Lates japonicus			–	[15]	+	[15]			–	[15]	–	[15]
	Chelon haematocheilus			–	[14]	+	[14]					–	[14]
	Pleuronectes platessa L.					+	[6]
ALP	Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis	–		±		+						–
	Cyprinus carpio	–	[8]	–	[9]	–	[22]	–	[21]			±	[9]
	Carassius auratus	–	[8]	–	[9]							–	[9]
	Carassius carassius											–	[9]
	Salmo irideus	–	[8]	–	[9]							±	[9]
	Anguilla anguilla	+	[8]	+	[9]							–	[9]
	Takifugu vermicularis					–	[21]	–	[21]
	Lates japonicus			±	[15]	+	[15]			–	[15]	±	[15]
	Chelon haematocheilus			–	[14]	–	[14]					+	[14]
	Pleuronectes platessa L.					+	[6]
ACP	Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis	±		+		+						+
	Cyprinus carpio	+	[8]			+	[21]	+	[21]			+	[9]
	Carassius auratus	±	[8]	±	[9]							+	[9]
	Carassius carassius	±	[8]	±	[9]							+	[9]
	Salmo irideus	+	[8]	–	[9]							+	[9]
	Anguilla anguilla	–	[8]	–	[9]							+	[9]
	Takifugu vermicularis					+	[21]	+	[21]
	Lates japonicus			±	[15]	+	[15]			±	[15]	+	[15]
	Chelon haematocheilus			+	[14]	+	[14]					+	[14]
	Pleuronectes platessa L.	+	[6]			+	[6]					+	[6]
ES (α-NB)	Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis	–		–		±						+
	Cyprinus carpio					+	[21]	±	[21]
	Takifugu vermicularis					+	[21]	–	[21]
	Lates japonicus			–	[15]	+	[15]			–	[15]	–	[15]
	Chelon haematocheilus			–	[14]	±	[14]					+	[14]
PAS	Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis	–		±		+						+
	Cyprinus carpio	+	[8]					+	[21]			+	[9]
	Carassius auratus	+	[8]	+	[9]							+	[9]
	Carassius carassius	+	[8]	+	[9]							+	[9]
	Salmo irideus	+	[8]	+	[9]							+	[9]
	Anguilla anguilla	+	[8]	+	[9]							+	[9]
	Takifugu vermicularis							–	[21]
	Lates japonicus			±	[15]	+	[15]			±	[15]	±	[15]
	Chelon haematocheilus			±	[14]	+	[14]					+	[14]
	Pleuronectes platessa L.	±	[6]	±	[6]	+	[6]					+	[6]

PO:Peroxidase, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, ACP: Acid phosphatase, EST (α-NB):Esterase (α-naphthyl butyrate), PAS: Periodic acid Schiff reaction, C.R.: Cytochemical reactivity, Ref.: References.

Table 8.

Cytochemical activity of human leukocytes [16]

	Thrombocytea)	Lymphocyteb)	Neutrophil	Basophil	Eosinophil	Monocyte
MPO		–	+	– ∼ +	+	– ∼ +
NAP		–	0	-	–	–
ACP		± ∼ +	+	+	+	+
EST (α-NB)		– ∼ +	–	+	– ∼ +	+
PAS		±	+	+	+	+

MPO: Myeloperoxidase, NAP: Neutrophyl alkaline phosphatase, ACP: Acid phosphatase, EST (α-NB): Esterase (α-naphthyl butyrate), PAS: Periodic acid Schiff reaction. a) No data, b) Expressed B,T and NK lymphcytes.

Some enzymatic activity in leucocytes from ayu using cytochemical techniques closely resembled that of human cells (Tables 7 and 8). Although staining activity of blood cells from teleosts showed similar reactions, some differences were noted. On PO staining, ayu and teleost thrombocytes and lymphocytes were negative, and neutrophils were positive (Table 7). In human blood, ALP is expressed as neutrophil alkaline phosphatase and shows specific positivity in neutrophils. Although ALP in neutrophils from ayu is positive, negative neutrophils are seen in other teleosts. The ALP reactions in thrombocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages show various degrees of staining activity between fish.

Other than thrombocytes and lymphocytes, ACP shows the positive staining in all teleosts. Although nonspecific EST α-NB has few measurement examples, neutrophils are positive or weakly positive in all teleosts, and monocytes/macrophages are positive in ayu, but negative staining is seen in some fish. PAS is positive or weakly positive in all blood cells from most teleosts, but thrombocytes from ayu were negative.

There are few specific cytochemical reactions for thrombocytes and lymphocytes from ayu. Ayu thrombocytes show weak positivity for cytoplasm, but deep red granules next to the nucleus are seen on ACP staining. Ellis reported the same results for plaice thrombocytes [6]. This may be useful for cytochemically identifying thrombocytes.

Lymphocytes from ayu showed positivity on ACP staining and weak positivity on ALP and PAS staining. Based on morphological characteristics by Romanowsky staining, B2 and B3 cells were identified as lymphocytes. Although B2 and B3 cells were stained similarly to B1 cells on cytochemical staining by ACP and PAS, monocytes/macrophages were different from B cells. Although the identification of blood cells is also possible based on slight differences in staining, some results are indistinct on obtained images with ALP or PAS staining, and further examination is necessary.

C cells from Ayu showed specific positivity on PO, ALP, ACP and PAS staining. This suggests that C cells are neutrophils.

For monocytes/macrophages (F cells) from ayu spleen, EST α-NB was specifically positive, while ALP and PAS were positive and PO was weakly positive. However, the weak positivity for PO in monocytes/macrophages may originate from phagocytozed substances [2]. Activation of macrophage occurs via the classical pathway (progenitors − monocytes − mature macrophages) or the alternate pathway (mature macrophages appear to rapidly develop from early progenitors in the absence of an intermediate monocyte stage) [3]. Three distinct sub-populations (Rl, R2 and R3) of macrophages derived from goldfish kidney-leukocyte cultures were generated and characterized by Neumann et al. [17]. Rl macrophages were small cells that contained ACP, but lacked PO and non-specific EST (α-naphthyl acetate esterase). R2 macrophages were morphologically similar to mature tissue macrophages from mammals, while R3 macrophages resembled mammalian monocytes. The R2 and R3 cells stained for ACP, PO and non-specific EST [3, 17]. Thus, monocytes/macrophages appear to show different staining properties with differentiation and maturation. The cytochemical activities of monocytes/macrophages from ayu spleen seem to resemble the results for R2 or R3 cells, but PO activity was unclear. Monocytes/macrophages from ayu peripheral blood showed morphological similarities. However, there are no cytochemical data for monocytes/macrophages from ayu peripheral blood, and these will be necessary for further observation.