Silibinin induces cell death through reactive oxygen species-dependent downregulation of notch-1/ERK/Akt signaling in human breast cancer cells.

The present study was undertaken to determine the underlying mechanism of silibinin-induced cell death in human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. Silibinin-induced cell death was attenuated by antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid, suggesting that the effect of silibinin was dependent on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Western blot analysis showed that silibinin induced downregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt. When cells were transiently transfected with constitutively active (ca) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), an upstream kinase of ERK and caAkt, they showed resistance to silibinin-induced cell death. Silibinin decreased the cleavage of Notch-1 mRNA and protein levels. Notch-1-overexpressed cells were resistant to the silibinin-induced cell death. Inhibition of Notch-1 signaling was dependent on ROSgeneration. Overexpression of Notch-1 prevented silibinin-induced inhibition of ERK and Akt phosphorylation. Silibinin-induced cell death was accompanied by increased cleavage of caspase-3 and was prevented by caspase-3 inhibitor in MDA-MB-231 cells but not in MCF7 cells. Silibinin induced translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), which was blocked by NAC, and transfection of caMEK and caAkt. Silibinin-induced cell death was prevented by silencing of AIF expression using small interfering AIF RNA in MCF7 cells but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, silibinin induces cell death through an AIF-dependent mechanism in MCF7 cells and a caspase-3-dependent mechanism in MDA-MB-231 cells, and ROS generation and Notch-1 signaling act upstream of the ERK and Akt pathway. These data suggest that silibinin may serve as a potential agent for induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.