Not All Patients With Non-erosive Reflux Disease Share Psychological Distress as Main Mechanism of Disease: Author's Reply.

TO THE EDITOR

I appreciate the interest and comments1 on our paper, which was published in October 2013 issue of this journal.2 As you have commented, non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) is known as heterogeneous group from pathophysiological aspect. In our paper, NERD is defined as patients with typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) such as heartburn or acid regurgitation without endoscopic erosion.2 This study was health check-based study. Therefore, we did not measure esophageal pH nor exclude esophageal hypersensitivity or functional heartburn. In our article, NERD was associated with psychological distress, such as somatization and anxiety, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was also associated with somatization, anxiety and hostility. Psychological distress will be one of many pathophysiological mechanisms of IBS and NERD. NERD in our study was also associated with female sex and high waist circumference. The risk factors of NERD were far different from erosive esophagitis except waist circumference. Many studies have suggested that NERD and erosive esophagitis are both comprised in GERD but their pathophysiologic mechanisms are not the same. They share some mechanisms or risk factors but do not share exactly the same mechanisms or risk factors.

Atypical GERD symptoms (globus sensation, hoarseness, epigastric soreness and chronic cough) were measured with previously validated questionnaires3 and they were also associated with psychological distress. As you commented, the causal relationship between reflux and extra-esophageal symptoms is controversial issue and this is not the main focus in our article. Therefore, we have just analyzed the association between atypical GERD symptoms and psychological distress without further analysis.

IBS was strongly related with NERD but not with erosive esophagitis in our study. Our conclusion is that IBS shared many risk factors with NERD but not with erosive esophagitis and it partially explains why IBS was associated with NERD but not with erosive esophagitis. If readers carefully read the abstract and manuscripts, they can interpret this result correctly.