Viral vaccines for farmed finfish.

Over the past decade, aquaculture has grown at an average annual growth rate of approximately 6 % worldwide despite many challenges. Viral diseases are one of the major challenges that are threatening a sustainable growth of finfish farming globally. Vaccination of farmed fish plays an important role in commercial fish farming to mitigate viral diseases. In this review, we summarized the major viral diseases that have caused serious economic losses, and emerging diseases that pose a potential threat to aquaculture. The current status of viral vaccines in farmed fish are discussed, particularly the different types of vaccines that were licensed in recent years and are now commercially available, and the routes of delivery of those vaccines including the merits and demerits of each of these delivery method. Furthermore, the article provides an overview of different experimental vaccines that have been reported in the literatures in recent years besides highlighting the future need for developing cost-effective, oral vaccines that can be easily applicable at farm level.