Karl-Günter Technau1, Michael Schomaker, Louise Kuhn, Harry Moultrie, Ashraf Coovadia, Brian Eley, Helena Rabie, Robin Wood, Vivian Cox, Luisa Salazar Vizcaya, Evans Muchiri, Mary-Ann Davies. 1. From the *Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; †School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town; ‡Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; §Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; ¶Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, The University of Cape Town, Cape Town; ‖Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch; **Gugulethu Community Health Centre and Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town; ††Médecins Sans Frontières South Africa and Khayelitsha ART Programme, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa; and ‡‡Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Initiation criteria and pediatric antiretroviral treatment regimens have changed over the past few years in South Africa. We reported worse early virological outcomes associated with the use of abacavir (ABC)-based regimens at 1 large site: here, we expand this analysis to multiple sites in the IeDEA-Southern Africa collaboration. METHODS: Data for 9543 antiretroviral treatment-naïve children <16 years at treatment initiation started on either stavudine/lamivudine (d4T/3TC) or ABC/3TC with efavirenz (EFV) or ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) treated at 6 clinics in Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa, were analyzed with χ tests and logistic regression to evaluate viral suppression at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Prevalence of viral suppression at 6 months in 2174 children started on a d4T-based LPV/r regimen was greater (70%) than among 438 children started on an ABC-based LPV/r regimen (54%, P < 0.0001). Among 3189 children started on a d4T-based EFV regimen, a higher proportion (86%) achieved suppression at 6 months compared with 391 children started on ABC-containing EFV regimens (78%, P < 0.0001). Relative benefit of d4T versus ABC on 6-month suppression remained in multivariate analysis after adjustment for pretreatment characteristics, cohort and year of program [LPV/r: odds ratio = 0.57 (confidence interval: 0.46-0.72); EFV: odds ratio = 0.46 (confidence interval: 0.32-0.65)]. CONCLUSIONS: This expanded analysis is consistent with our previous report of worse virological outcomes after ABC was introduced as part of first-line antiretroviral treatment in South Africa. Whether due to the drug itself or coincident with other changes over time, continued monitoring and analyses must clarify causes and prevent suboptimal long-term outcomes.
BACKGROUND: Initiation criteria and pediatric antiretroviral treatment regimens have changed over the past few years in South Africa. We reported worse early virological outcomes associated with the use of abacavir (ABC)-based regimens at 1 large site: here, we expand this analysis to multiple sites in the IeDEA-Southern Africa collaboration. METHODS: Data for 9543 antiretroviral treatment-naïve children <16 years at treatment initiation started on either stavudine/lamivudine (d4T/3TC) or ABC/3TC with efavirenz (EFV) or ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) treated at 6 clinics in Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa, were analyzed with χ tests and logistic regression to evaluate viral suppression at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Prevalence of viral suppression at 6 months in 2174 children started on a d4T-based LPV/r regimen was greater (70%) than among 438 children started on an ABC-based LPV/r regimen (54%, P < 0.0001). Among 3189 children started on a d4T-based EFV regimen, a higher proportion (86%) achieved suppression at 6 months compared with 391 children started on ABC-containing EFV regimens (78%, P < 0.0001). Relative benefit of d4T versus ABC on 6-month suppression remained in multivariate analysis after adjustment for pretreatment characteristics, cohort and year of program [LPV/r: odds ratio = 0.57 (confidence interval: 0.46-0.72); EFV: odds ratio = 0.46 (confidence interval: 0.32-0.65)]. CONCLUSIONS: This expanded analysis is consistent with our previous report of worse virological outcomes after ABC was introduced as part of first-line antiretroviral treatment in South Africa. Whether due to the drug itself or coincident with other changes over time, continued monitoring and analyses must clarify causes and prevent suboptimal long-term outcomes.
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