Allen W Heinemann1, Susan Magasi2, Joy Hammel3, Noelle E Carlozzi4, Sofia F Garcia5, Elizabeth A Hahn6, Jin-Shei Lai6, David Tulsky7, David B Gray8, Holly Hollingsworth8, Sara Jerousek9. 1. Center for Rehabilitation Outcomes Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: a-heinemann@northwestern.edu. 2. Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL. 3. Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL. 4. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 5. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. 6. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. 7. Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine, Orthopedic Surgery, and General Medicine, Langone Medical Center Ambulatory Care Center, New York University, New York, NY; Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ. 8. Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St Louis, MO. 9. Center for Rehabilitation Outcomes Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To describe methods used in operationalizing environmental factors; to describe the results of a research project to develop measures of environmental factors that affect participation; and to define an initial item set of facilitators and barriers to participation after stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. DESIGN: Instrument development included an extensive literature review, item classification and selection, item writing, and cognitive testing following the approach of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: Content area and outcome measurement experts (n=10) contributed to instrument development; individuals (n=200) with the target conditions participated in focus groups and in cognitive testing (n=15). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Environmental factor items were categorized in 6 domains: assistive technology; built and natural environment; social environment; services, systems, and policies; access to information and technology; and economic quality of life. RESULTS: We binned 2273 items across the 6 domains, winnowed this pool to 291 items for cognitive testing, and recommended 274 items for pilot data collection. CONCLUSIONS: Five of the 6 domains correspond closely to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health taxonomy of environmental factors; the sixth domain, economic quality of life, reflects an important construct that reflects financial resources that affect participation. Testing with a new and larger sample is underway to evaluate reliability, validity, and sensitivity.
OBJECTIVES: To describe methods used in operationalizing environmental factors; to describe the results of a research project to develop measures of environmental factors that affect participation; and to define an initial item set of facilitators and barriers to participation after stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. DESIGN: Instrument development included an extensive literature review, item classification and selection, item writing, and cognitive testing following the approach of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: Content area and outcome measurement experts (n=10) contributed to instrument development; individuals (n=200) with the target conditions participated in focus groups and in cognitive testing (n=15). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Environmental factor items were categorized in 6 domains: assistive technology; built and natural environment; social environment; services, systems, and policies; access to information and technology; and economic quality of life. RESULTS: We binned 2273 items across the 6 domains, winnowed this pool to 291 items for cognitive testing, and recommended 274 items for pilot data collection. CONCLUSIONS: Five of the 6 domains correspond closely to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health taxonomy of environmental factors; the sixth domain, economic quality of life, reflects an important construct that reflects financial resources that affect participation. Testing with a new and larger sample is underway to evaluate reliability, validity, and sensitivity.
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