Regeneration and bioengineering of the kidney: current status and future challenges.

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease continues to outpace the development of effective treatment strategies. For patients with advanced disease, renal replacement therapies approximate the filtration functions of the kidney at considerable cost and inconvenience, while failing to restore the resorptive and endocrine functions. Allogeneic transplantation remains the only restorative treatment, but donor shortage, surgical morbidity and the need for lifelong immunosuppression significantly limit clinical application. Emerging technologies in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strive to address these limitations. We review recent advances in cell-based therapies, primordial allografts, bio-artificial organs and whole-organ bioengineering as they apply to renal regeneration. Collaborative efforts across these fields aim to produce a bioengineered kidney capable of restoring renal function in patients with end-stage disease.