Jacqueline S L Kloth1, Heinz-Josef Klümpen2, Huixin Yu3, Karel Eechoute1, Caroline F Samer4,5, Boen L R Kam6, Alwin D R Huitema3, Youssef Daali4, Aeilko H Zwinderman7, Bavanthi Balakrishnar8, Roelof J Bennink9, Mark Wong8, Jan H M Schellens10,11, Ron H J Mathijssen1, Howard Gurney12. 1. Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. 5. Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland. 6. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 7. Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 8. Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia. 9. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 10. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 11. Division of Drug Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 12. Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia. howard.gurney@sydney.edu.au.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The wide inter-patient variability in drug exposure partly explains the toxicity and efficacy profile of sunitinib treatment. In this prospective study cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) B1 phenotypes were correlated to the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib and its active metabolite N-desethylsunitinib. METHODS: A correlation analysis was performed between sunitinib pharmacokinetics and 1'OH-midazolam/midazolam ratio and parameters derived from technetium-99m-2-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile ((99m)Tc-MIBI) scans, respectively. A population pharmacokinetic model using non-linear mixed-effects modeling software NONMEM was built, which included the phenotype tests as covariate. RESULTS: In 52 patients, the mean trough concentration of sunitinib plus metabolite increased from 21.4 ng/mL at day 1 of a cycle to 88.1 ng/mL in the fourth week of treatment. A trend for a correlation was observed between (99m)Tc-MIBI elimination constant and trough concentrations of N-desethylsunitinib; however, this was not significant. Correlations were found between 1'OH-midazolam/midazolam ratio and sunitinib clearance (P = 0.008) and day 1 N-desethylsunitinib trough concentrations (P = 0.005), respectively. Moreover, patients suffering from grade 3 toxicities had significant lower clearance of sunitinib than patients without grade 3 toxicities (34.4 vs. 41.4 L/h; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Phenotype tests for ABCB1 and CYP3A4 did not explain inter-individual variability of sunitinib exposure sufficiently. However, the correlation between sunitinib clearance and the occurrence of severe toxicity suggests a direct exposure-toxicity relationship.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The wide inter-patient variability in drug exposure partly explains the toxicity and efficacy profile of sunitinib treatment. In this prospective study cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) B1 phenotypes were correlated to the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib and its active metabolite N-desethylsunitinib. METHODS: A correlation analysis was performed between sunitinib pharmacokinetics and 1'OH-midazolam/midazolam ratio and parameters derived from technetium-99m-2-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile ((99m)Tc-MIBI) scans, respectively. A population pharmacokinetic model using non-linear mixed-effects modeling software NONMEM was built, which included the phenotype tests as covariate. RESULTS: In 52 patients, the mean trough concentration of sunitinib plus metabolite increased from 21.4 ng/mL at day 1 of a cycle to 88.1 ng/mL in the fourth week of treatment. A trend for a correlation was observed between (99m)Tc-MIBI elimination constant and trough concentrations of N-desethylsunitinib; however, this was not significant. Correlations were found between 1'OH-midazolam/midazolam ratio and sunitinib clearance (P = 0.008) and day 1 N-desethylsunitinib trough concentrations (P = 0.005), respectively. Moreover, patients suffering from grade 3 toxicities had significant lower clearance of sunitinib than patients without grade 3 toxicities (34.4 vs. 41.4 L/h; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Phenotype tests for ABCB1 and CYP3A4 did not explain inter-individual variability of sunitinib exposure sufficiently. However, the correlation between sunitinib clearance and the occurrence of severe toxicity suggests a direct exposure-toxicity relationship.
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