Neutropenia management and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor use in patients with solid tumours receiving myelotoxic chemotherapy--findings from clinical practice.

PURPOSE: Clinical practice adherence to current guidelines that recommend primary prophylaxis (PP) with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) for patients at high (≥20 %) overall risk of febrile neutropenia (FN) was evaluated.
METHODS: Adult patients with breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), or ovarian cancer were enrolled if myelotoxic chemotherapy was planned, and they had an investigator-assessed overall FN risk ≥20 %. The primary outcome was FN incidence.
RESULTS: In total, 1,347 patients were analysed (breast cancer, n = 829; NSCLC, n = 224; SCLC, n = 137; ovarian cancer, n = 157). Patients with breast cancer exhibited fewer individual FN risk factors than patients with other cancers and were far more likely to have received a high-FN-risk chemotherapy regimen. However, a substantial proportion of all patients (45-80 % across tumour types) did not receive G-CSF PP in alignment with investigator risk assessment and guideline recommendations. FN occurred in 127 patients overall (9 %, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8-11 %), and incidence was higher in SCLC (15 %) than other tumour types (8 % in ovarian and NSCLC, 9 % in breast cancer). A post hoc analysis of G-CSF use indicated that G-CSF prophylaxis was not given within the recommended timeframe after chemotherapy (within 1-3 days) or was not continued across all cycles in 39 % of patients.
CONCLUSIONS: FN risk assessment was predominantly based on clinical judgement and individual risk factors, and guidelines regarding G-CSF PP for patients at high FN risk were not consistently followed. Improved education of physicians may enable more fully informed neutropenia management in patients with solid tumours.

Introduction

Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common side effect of myelotoxic chemotherapy and can result in dose reductions or delay to subsequent cycles of chemotherapy [1]. Reduced chemotherapy relative dose intensity (RDI) has been associated with poor outcomes in lymphoma and breast, lung and ovarian cancer [2-7]. FN frequently requires hospitalisation, which is associated with substantial use of medical resources and in-hospital mortality rates of up to 8 % in patients with solid tumours [8-11].

Primary prophylaxis (PP) with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs; daily G-CSFs filgrastim and lenograstim, and once-per-cycle pegfilgrastim) reduces the incidence of FN and the duration of severe neutropenia [12, 13]. Clinical guidelines recommend PP with G-CSFs for patients at high (≥20 %) overall FN risk [14-18]. Patients’ overall risk should be assessed at the beginning of each chemotherapy cycle, using the risk associated with their planned regimen and individual risk factors such as older age and advanced disease. International guidelines also recommend G-CSF PP to maintain chemotherapy in settings where reduced RDI is associated with poor outcomes [14, 15].

IMPACT Solid was a large prospective observational study of routine clinical practice in Europe, Australia and Canada, designed to describe FN incidence and adherence to G-CSF guidelines in patients with solid tumours who had an overall physician-assessed FN risk of ≥20 % (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00883181). An interim analysis of data from this study was presented in abstract form at the 2009 ECCO/ESMO meeting [19]. Additional post hoc analyses were performed to better understand the FN risk assessment and G-CSF use in the study.

Material and methods

Data regarding chemotherapy delivery, G-CSF use and haematological toxicities were recorded for each patient. Centres were selected to ensure data were recorded as part of routine clinical practice and to represent a variety of centres within each country. Eligible patients were enrolled sequentially. Upon completion of all planned chemotherapy cycles, or following cessation of chemotherapy for any reason, patients were followed up annually for 5 years or until disease progression or death. Long-term follow-up is ongoing; the current analysis reports neutropenia-related outcomes during the chemotherapy treatment period.

Patients

Patients aged ≥18 years with breast, ovarian or lung cancer and receiving any cytotoxic chemotherapy were eligible if assessed by their physician to have an overall FN risk of ≥20 %. Prior radiotherapy was permitted if it had ceased >2 weeks before commencing chemotherapy in the current study. Where required, the study protocol was approved by institutional review boards and patients provided written informed consent.

Outcome measures

The primary outcome was the proportion of patients experiencing FN in cycles 1–8, summarised by tumour type and overall G-CSF use. FN was defined as a single oral temperature ≥38.3 °C, or a temperature of ≥38.0 °C for ≥1 h with a neutrophil count of <0.5 × 109/L or <1.0 × 109/L and predicted to fall below 0.5 × 109/L [17]. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients experiencing FN in cycle 1, the G-CSF type and number of days’ use, chemotherapy dose intensity and use of anti-infectives.

G-CSF use in the study was with either pegfilgrastim or with a daily G-CSF; patients were allowed to receive any daily G-CSF, and results for daily G-CSF were grouped together. The prespecified analysis of overall G-CSF use was derived programmatically, and patients were included in one of the following groups:Note: Prophylactic G-CSF use in a single cycle was sufficient to meet the PP/SP definitions; there was no requirement for continued prophylaxis across all subsequent cycles. RDI was defined as dose intensity achieved by a patient relative to their planned dose intensity.

Primary prophylaxis: G-CSF initiated within days 1–7 of chemotherapy cycle 1 if chemotherapy dosed for ≤7 days or within days 1–11 if dosed for >7 days

Secondary prophylaxis (SP): as above, with G-CSF initiated in cycle 2 or later

Treatment: G-CSF initiated after day 7 in any cycle, or after day 11 if no subsequent prophylaxis

No G-CSF: no G-CSF received as either prophylaxis or treatment

Post hoc analyses

Received chemotherapy regimens were matched to a standard “textbook” regimen. Textbook regimens were assigned to a FN risk category (high >20 %, moderate 10–20 %, low <10 %) based on guidelines, published references of FN rates with specific regimens and author review (Supplemental Table 1). Patients who received a standard textbook regimen throughout the observation period remained in the respective chemotherapy FN risk category; patients were assigned to the “other” category if they received a regimen that could not be matched to a textbook regimen or if any agent in a textbook regimen was reduced by >10 % in cycle 1 or if the number of cycles differed from the standard regimen.

In a post hoc analysis of G-CSF use, a more stringent definition of prophylaxis was applied that more closely matched the labelling instructions for filgrastim and pegfilgrastim [20, 21]. Prophylactic use was defined as G-CSF initiated within 1–3 days after completing chemotherapy within a cycle, and for the purposes of this report, we have termed this definition “on-schedule” prophylaxis to distinguish it from the prespecified analyses. G-CSF use initiated ≥1 day after the FN event and within the same cycle was considered treatment/rescue use. For daily G-CSF, ≥3 days of continuous administration was required to be considered on-schedule prophylaxis use.

Overall G-CSF use was analysed applying the more stringent definitions, and patients were included in one of the following groups:Further analysis was conducted to characterize the G-CSF support given to patients who experienced an FN event using the more stringent “on-schedule” prophylaxis definitions.

On-schedule PP: prophylactic G-CSF given in cycle 1 and all subsequent cycles

Not on-schedule PP: all other use of G-CSF, including secondary prophylaxis, G-CSF given after day 3, or G-CSF given as prophylaxis in at least one cycle but not in all cycles

No G-CSF: no G-CSF at all given in any cycle (this is the same definition as the prespecified analysis)

In addition, whether patients who experienced FN received G-CSF prophylaxis in the next cycle was determined. FN and no subsequent prophylaxis was defined as no on-schedule prophylactic G-CSF given in the next cycle after the first FN, regardless of prior G-CSF support.

Statistical analysis

Sample size was chosen to allow adequate precision when estimating the proportion of patients achieving the primary outcome. The expected distribution across tumour types was: breast cancer, n = 839; non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), n = 177; small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), n = 78 and ovarian cancer, n = 206.

All analysis was descriptive in nature and was performed on the Full Analysis Set, which included patients who met the protocol-specified eligibility criteria and started ≥1 chemotherapy cycle up to a maximum of 8 cycles. Analysis was performed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS®). Categorical data were summarised using the number and percentages of patients, with exact 95 % confidence intervals (95 % confidence interval (CI)) where appropriate. Continuous data were summarised using means, standard deviations (SD), medians and interquartile ranges.

Results

Patient disposition

One thousand three hundred forty-seven of 1,370 enrolled patients (98 %) were included in the Full Analysis Set. Patients were treated between March 2007 and October 2009, at 85 centres in 11 European countries, 5 Canadian centres and 10 Australian centres. Centres were most commonly public (56 of 100, 56 %) or university hospitals (25 of 100, 25 %). Patients were most frequently from Poland (21 %) and Australia or Italy (11 % each).

Over half the patients analysed had breast cancer (n = 829, 62 %) (Fig. 1). Distribution of patients across the other tumour types was: NSCLC, n = 224 (17 %); SCLC, n = 137 (10 %) and ovarian, n = 157 (12 %).

Fig. 1

Patient disposition. CT chemotherapy

Among all patients, 79 % (1,069 of 1,347) completed all planned chemotherapy cycles; breast cancer patients had the highest proportion of chemotherapy completion (Fig. 1). The most common reasons for non-completion overall were disease progression (94 of 278, 34 %) and non-haematological adverse events (55 of 278, 20 %), with similar results across tumour types.

Patient demographics by tumour type

Breast cancer patients generally exhibited fewer individual FN risk factors than patients with other cancers (Table 1). Breast cancer patients tended to be younger, have better Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status scores, be receiving first-line chemotherapy and have less advanced disease and fewer comorbidities than the other tumour types. SCLC patients were more likely to be female, have cardiovascular comorbidities, poorer ECOG scores and more advanced disease than NSCLC patients.

Table 1

Baseline demographics by tumour type

	Breast (N = 829)	NSCLC (N = 224)	SCLC (N = 137)	Ovarian (N = 157)
Age, mean ± SD (years)	53.1 ± 10.9	62.3 ± 9.0	62.1 ± 8.8	60.5 ± 11.6
Age ≥65 years, n (%)	136 (16)	96 (43)	51 (37)	71 (45)
Female, n (%)	821 (99)	50 (22)	44 (32)	157 (100)
ECOG 0–1, n (%)	800 (97)	187 (83)	104 (76)	129 (82)
Advanced stagea, n (%)	90 (11)	126 (56)	98 (72)	122 (78)
Prior CT and/or RT, n (%)	41 (5)	59 (26)	35 (26)	34 (22)
Specific comorbiditiesb, n (%)
Any comorbidity	247 (30)	121 (54)	73 (53)	70 (45)
Cardiovascular	101 (41)	64 (53)	44 (60)	37 (53)
Respiratory	24 (10)	47 (39)	27 (37)	5 (7)
Hepatic/biliary	7 (3)	2 (2)	3 (4)	3 (4)
Renal	4 (2)	4 (3)	2 (3)	5 (7)

CT chemotherapy, RT radiotherapy

aBreast cancer and NSCLC, stage IV; SCLC, extensive; ovarian, stages III–IV

bDerived from medical history records, percentages calculated from number of patients with any comorbidity

Patient demographics by tumour type and G-CSF use

Differences were observed in baseline characteristics between the overall G-CSF use groups (Table 2). Breast cancer patients receiving PP were less likely to have ongoing cardiovascular comorbidities, advanced disease and prior chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy than those not receiving PP. For the other tumour types, differences between G-CSF subgroups were less clear due to smaller patient numbers.

Table 2

Baseline demographics by tumour type by G-CSF PP use

	Breast		NSCLC		SCLC		Ovarian
	PP (N = 457)	No PP (N = 372)	PP (N = 45)	No PP (N = 179)	PP (N = 44)	No PP (N = 93)	PP (N = 31)	No PP (N = 126)
Age, mean ± SD (years)	52.3 ± 10.9	54.2 ± 10.9	62.6 ± 8.7	62.3 ± 9.1	62.6 ± 10.2	61.9 ± 8.0	62.1 ± 12.0	60.1 ± 11.5
Age ≥65 years, n (%)	67 (15)	69 (19)	20 (44)	76 (42)	19 (43)	32 (34)	15 (48)	56 (44)
Female, n (%)	453 (99)	368 (99)	13 (29)	37 (21)	12 (27)	32 (34)	31 (100)	126 (100)
ECOG 0–1, n (%)	447 (98)	353 (95)	33 (73)	154 (86)	35 (80)	69 (74)	28 (90)	101 (80)
Advanced stage diseasea, n (%)	39 (9)	51 (14)	29 (64)	97 (54)	28 (64)	70 (75)	22 (71)	100 (80)
Prior CT and/or RT, n (%)	15 (3)	26 (7)	10 (22)	49 (27)	11 (25)	24 (26)	9 (29)	25 (20)
Specific comorbiditiesb, n (%)
Cardiovascular	45 (10)	56 (15)	10 (22)	46 (26)	14 (32)	24 (26)	4 (13)	36 (29)
Respiratory	10 (2)	10 (3)	5 (11)	31 (17)	9 (20)	14 (15)	0 (0)	2 (2)
Hepatic/biliary	2 (<1)	2 (<1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (2)
Renal	2 (<1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3 (2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	4 (3)
Chemotherapy risk, n (%)
<10 %	25 (5)	66 (18)	5 (11)	25 (14)	0 (0)	1 (1)	7 (23)	47 (37)
10 to <20 %	31 (7)	26 (7)	13 (29)	47 (26)	17 (39)	39 (42)	7 (23)	1 (1)
≥20 %	246 (54)	136 (37)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (5)	4 (4)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Other/unknown	155 (34)	144 (39)	27 (60)	107 (60)	25 (57)	49 (53)	17 (55)	78 (62)

CT chemotherapy, RT radiotherapy

aBreast cancer and NSCLC, stage IV; SCLC, extensive; ovarian, stages III–IV

bDerived from medical history records marked as current or continuing and with relevant system organ class

Received chemotherapy regimen and associated FN risk by tumour type

Breast cancer patients were substantially more likely than patients with other tumours to receive a high-FN-risk regimen (Fig. 2). Although not all breast cancer patients who received a high-risk regimen were given G-CSF PP, the G-CSF PP group was more likely to receive a high-risk regimen than the no PP group (Table 2). Ovarian cancer patients were more likely than other tumour groups to receive a low-risk regimen. Many patients across all tumour types received a non-standard “other” regimen (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2

Planned chemotherapy regimens and estimated FN risk. Chemotherapy FN risk assessment was determined by a post hoc clinical review of established guidelines and published literature. Data were not available for two patients (NSCLC and ovarian). FN risk could not be defined for regimens recorded as “other”; regimens which are not routinely used or variations to standard regimens and for which there were no published data regarding FN risk. Breast cancer, >20 % n = 382 (AC-Doc, ADoc, APac dd AC-Pac, DocAC(TAC), DocEC, EC-Doc, EDoc, FEC-Doc), 10–20 % n = 57 (Doc100, DocC, DocPLD, EPac, FEC90), <10 % n = 91 (AC, AC-Pac, A-Pac, CarboPac, CMF, CycloPLD, EC, EC-Pac, FAC, FEC-Pac, Paclitaxel); NSCLC >20 % n = 0, 10–20 % n = 60 (CarboDoc, CarboVin, CisDoc, CisEto [q3W], CisVin, Doc75), <10 % n = 30 (CarboGem, CarboPac, CisGem, CisPem, Gem, MIC); SCLC, >20 % n = 6 (CDE[ACE], Topotecan), 10–20 % n = 56 (CarboDoc, CarboEto, CisEto[q4W], Doc75), <10 % n = 1 (CarboPac); ovarian, >20 % n = 0, 10–20 % n = 8 (CarboDoc, Topotecan), <10 % n = 54 (CarboMono, CarboPac, CarboPLD, CisPac, Gem, Pac, PLD). Chemotherapy regimens: A doxorubicin, Carbo carboplatin, Cis cisplatin, C cyclophosphamide, dd dose-dense, Doc docetaxel, E epirubicin, Etop etoposide, F fluorouracil, Gem gemcitabine, M methotrexate, Pac paclitaxel, Pem pemetrexed, PLD pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, T paclitaxel, Vin vinorelbine

In breast and SCLC, patients who did not receive a high-FN-risk regimen were older than those who received a high-risk regimen: In breast cancer, the median age was 50 years in >20 % risk regimens, 51 years in 10–20 % risk regimens and 54 years in <10 % risk regimens; in SCLC, the corresponding median ages were 57, 61 and 60 years, respectively. Additionally, patients who did not receive a high-FN-risk regimen had poorer ECOG performance scores: In breast cancer, an ECOG score 0–1 was found in 98 % of patients receiving >20 % risk regimens, 95 % of patients receiving 10–20 % risk regimens and 92 % of patients receiving <10 % risk regimens; in SCLC, the corresponding proportions were 100, 77 and 0 %, respectively. No high-risk regimens were administered to NSCLC or ovarian cancer patients. Patients who received non-standard “other” chemotherapy for whom the FN risk could not be determined were older than those who received high-risk chemotherapy (median age 69 years in breast cancer and 64 years in SCLC) with variability in ECOG scores (score of 0–1 in 96 % of breast cancer and 74 % of SCLC patients).

G-CSF use

In the prespecified analysis of overall G-CSF use, less than half of the patients overall (43 %) received G-CSF PP (Table 3, prespecified analysis). G-CSF PP use was the highest in breast cancer patients (55 %), followed by SCLC patients (32 %), and the lowest in ovarian and NSCLC patients (both 20 %). Fewer breast cancer patients received no G-CSF at all (21 %) than patients with other tumour types. G-CSF SP use was approximately 20 % in each tumour group, and few patients received G-CSF as treatment.

Table 3

Overall G-CSF use by tumour type

n (%)	Breast (N = 829)	NSCLC (N = 224)	SCLC (N = 137)	Ovarian (N = 157)	Total (N = 1,347)
Prespecified analysis of G-CSF use
PP	457 (55)	45 (20)	44 (32)	31 (20)	557 (43)
SP	176 (21)	41 (18)	28 (20)	30 (19)	275 (20)
G-CSF treatment only	21 (3)	18 (8)	9 (7)	14 (9)	62 (5)
No G-CSF	175 (21)	120 (54)	56 (41)	82 (52)	433 (32)
Post hoc analysis based on the more stringent definitions of G-CSF prophylaxis and requirement for continued G-CSF prophylaxis in subsequent cycles after first use
On-schedule PP	322 (39)	24 (11)	26 (19)	23 (15)	395 (29)
Not on-schedule PP	332 (40)	80 (36)	55 (40)	52 (33)	519 (39)
No G-CSF	175 (21)	120 (54)	56 (41)	82 (52)	433 (32)

Pegfilgrastim was the most commonly prescribed G-CSF in patients given PP, administered to 49–86 % of patients receiving PP in different tumour types and to 82 % of PP patients overall. Daily G-CSF was given to 16 % of patients who received PP, with a mean (±SD) number of days of G-CSF per cycle: breast, 4.88 (1.84); NSCLC, 3.95 (1.18); SCLC, 4.95 (1.31) and ovarian, 3.67 (1.63). In breast cancer, pegfilgrastim PP was maintained for a greater number of continuous cycles than daily G-CSF PP: Pegfilgrastim PP was maintained until the fourth cycle in 95 % of patients and until the sixth cycle in 89 % of patients; daily G-CSF PP was maintained until the fourth cycle in 62 % of patients and until the sixth cycle in 56 % of patients.

In a post hoc analysis of overall G-CSF use, on-schedule G-CSF PP was more common in breast cancer patients than other tumour types, and use of not on-schedule G-CSF PP was similar across tumour groups (Table 3, post hoc analysis). However, the proportion of patients who met the definition of on-schedule PP (29 % in total) was lower than the proportion who met the prespecified G-CSF PP definition (43 % in total) (compare Table 3, post hoc analysis with prespecified analysis).

Neutropenia-related outcomes

A higher proportion of breast cancer patients achieved ≥85 % RDI (86 %) than did those with ovarian cancer (69 %), SCLC (66 %) or NSCLC (59 %). Systemic anti-infectives were used in the study by 39 % of SCLC, 26 % of breast cancer, 21 % of NSCLC and 15 % of ovarian cancer patients.

Febrile neutropenia

FN occurred in 127 patients overall (9 %, 95 % CI 8, 11). Across all tumour types, FN incidence in all chemotherapy cycles ranged from 8 to 15 %. FN occurred in cycle 1 in 77 patients (6 %, 95 % CI 4, 7), and for breast or lung cancer patients experiencing FN, their first FN episode occurred during cycle 1 in at least half of cases (Fig. 3a). FN incidence was higher among patients with SCLC than those with NSCLC. As described above, patient baseline characteristic and chemotherapy regimens differed between G-CSF use groups (using the prespecified definitions of G-CSF use). Patients who received G-CSF PP were at greater risk of FN—due to more individual risk factors and/or higher chemotherapy FN risk—than those who did not receive G-CSF PP, meaning comparisons of FN incidence between these groups will be confounded. In patients receiving G-CSF PP, FN across all cycles was most common in SCLC (SCLC eight of 44, 18 %; NSCLC four of 45, 9 %; breast 42 of 457, 9 %; ovarian zero of 31, 0 %). In patients not receiving G-CSF PP, FN across all cycles was also more common in SCLC (SCLC 12 of 93, 13 %; ovarian 12 of 126, 10 %; breast 35 of 372, 9 %; NSCLC 14 of 179, 8 %).

Fig. 3

Incidence of FN by tumour group. a Incidence of FN in cycles 1–8 and in cycle 1. Any Cycles 1–8; C1 cycle 1. b G-CSF use at the time of the first FN event, grouped according to the post hoc definitions of on-schedule G-CSF use: On-schedule prophylaxis consists of patients who received on-schedule G-CSF in continuous cycles from the cycle in which it was first administered up to and including the cycle in which the first FN occurred. No G-CSF consists of patients who had received no G-CSF up to the time of FN. Not on-schedule G-CSF consists of the remaining patients—i.e., those who had received some G-CSF but did not receive on-schedule G-CSF in the cycle in which the first FN event occurred

Of the 127 patients who experienced FN, 35 % were receiving on-schedule G-CSF in the cycle in which their first FN event occurred. The first FN event occurred in a cycle not supported with on-schedule G-CSF in a majority of patients across all tumour types (Fig. 3b). In addition, 39 % of the 127 patients who experienced FN were not given on-schedule G-CSF prophylaxis in the cycle after the first FN event occurred.

Discussion

The primary study objective was to describe FN incidence based on tumour type and G-CSF use, in patients with solid tumours receiving myelotoxic chemotherapy and assessed by their physician to be at high risk of FN. To fully understand the study outcomes, certain considerations related to the observational study design must be acknowledged. Physician discretion was used to determine overall FN risk at study entry, which may have led to overestimation of FN risk and the inclusion of patients for whom the true FN risk was <20 %. In addition, patient selection led to differences in baseline characteristics between the PP and No PP G-CSF subgroups. This was most evident in breast cancer, where patients administered G-CSF PP were less likely to have patient-related FN risk-factors and more likely to have received and completed a chemotherapy regimen associated with a high FN risk. These plus other differences between PP and no PP patients may confound comparisons of outcomes between G-CSF subgroups.

Nonetheless, the results of this large study of routine clinical practice provide important insights into FN risk assessment and subsequent neutropenia management. We observed notable differences in chemotherapy-related FN risk and individual FN risk-factors among patients assessed by physicians to be at high overall FN-risk. Breast cancer patients were relatively young with earlier-stage disease than patients with lung or ovarian cancer; they were more likely to complete their chemotherapy course and receive a standard regimen associated with a high FN-risk and at a RDI of ≥85 %. These findings suggest physicians placed greater emphasis on individual risk factors when assessing FN risk in patients with lung or ovarian cancer than those with breast cancer, where assessment of high FN risk was more likely to be driven by the choice of chemotherapy. The list of regimens included in guidelines is not exhaustive or conclusive [14-18], and the assignment of FN risk to a chemotherapy regimen was not possible in approximately 40 % of cases (Fig. 2), due to the use of non-standard regimens or variations to standard regimens for which we were unable to find published data regarding the FN risk; this highlights the complexity faced by physicians when evaluating conflicting reports in the guidelines, published literature and expert opinion. Despite the study inclusion criteria, a regimen estimated to have an FN risk ≥20 % was planned in, at most, one third of patients. Hence, individual risk factors were probably used to determine an FN risk ≥20 % in a large number of patients. This provides further evidence that fully validated risk models are needed to improve risk assessment in patients receiving regimens for which the FN risk is <20 % or unknown [22-24]. The complexity of FN risk assessment may partly explain why patients with apparently low-risk regimens were enrolled in the study and why guidelines were not fully implemented such that not all patients received G-CSF PP, particularly those with lung and ovarian cancer.

Despite physician assessment of high overall FN risk, a substantial number of patients (45–80 %, Table 3, prespecified analysis) did not receive G-CSF PP as recommended by current guidelines [14-18]. Other studies of clinical practice have also reported poor guideline adherence in high-risk patients with NHL and solid tumours [25-28]. It is clear from the current and previously published studies that patients at greater risk of FN are more likely to be selected for G-CSF PP. Results from breast cancer patients in the current study showed that more than half of those given G-CSF PP received a high-FN-risk regimen, and they were younger with fewer comorbidities and less advanced disease than those not given G-CSF PP. This suggests that breast cancer patients selected for PP G-CSF were more likely to receive chemotherapy with curative intent, although treatment intent was not captured in the study. Few or none of the patients with other tumour types received a chemotherapy regimen associated with a high FN risk, and the differences in individual risk factors were quite variable between the G-CSF PP and no PP groups. These results suggest that individual risk factors carry less weight than the regimen risk when physicians decide whether to provide G-CSF PP.

Post hoc analyses were conducted to gain further insights into G-CSF prescribing patterns, using definitions of on-schedule prophylaxis that required administration within a therapeutically optimal window of 1–3 days after chemotherapy and for all subsequent cycles. This definition is more closely aligned with the approved product labelling instructions and guidelines [14–18, 20, 21]. Moreover, the on-schedule definition is supported by clinical evidence: The phase 3 registrational studies used the ~24 h after chemotherapy schedule [12, 13] and a comparison of same-day versus next-day pegfilgrastim dosing in breast cancer and NHL patients suggested administration 24 h after chemotherapy provided better efficacy, although differences were not statistically significant [29]. Clinical data also supports G-CSF as prophylaxis given no later than 3 days after chemotherapy, with conflicting results as to whether 1 or 3 days after chemotherapy is superior [30, 31]. Although the FN risk is greatest in the first cycle, the risk continues in subsequent cycles [32], and patients should be supported equally in all cycles during which they are at high risk. Results of the prespecified analysis used clinical practice-based definitions of G-CSF prophylaxis; however, as might be expected with the narrower post hoc definitions, a smaller proportion of patients met the definition of receiving on-schedule G-CSF PP. These findings indicate that current guidelines are not fully understood or implemented by all physicians and may indicate a related need for education. Several clinical studies have shown FN rates to be halved among patients with solid tumours and lymphomas [34, 35]. The current study supports these findings, with breast cancer patients more likely to receive myelosuppressive chemotherapy and G-CSF PP than patients with lung or ovarian cancer, but experiencing similar or lower FN rates.

Compared with daily G-CSFs, pegfilgrastim PP has been shown to lower FN rates by approximately one third [35-37]. In the current study, pegfilgrastim was more commonly used for PP than daily G-CSF. Furthermore, in breast cancer, pegfilgrastim PP was maintained over a greater number of cycles than filgrastim. Across all tumour types, the number of days of daily G-CSF was lower than recommended, possibly due to the later chemotherapy lines received by patients with lung or ovarian cancer [14-18].

Results from the primary analysis show that patients from all tumour types were at risk of FN, and except for patients with ovarian cancer, the risk was the greatest in the first cycle as observed in other studies [13, 32, 33]. Furthermore, the highest incidence of FN occurred in SCLC (15 % overall and 12 % in cycle 1) despite the relatively low use of high-risk regimens. Since less than one third of all SCLC patients were supported with G-CSF PP (and less than one fifth received on-schedule PP), the need for increased awareness of FN risk appears particularly great in this population.

It was apparent that only a minority of patients (35 %) who experienced FN were receiving on-schedule G-CSF support at the time of their first FN event. In addition, a higher proportion of patients than anticipated (39 %) did not receive G-CSF prophylaxis in the cycle after the first FN occurred. An FN episode can have severe implications for both patients and healthcare systems: FN frequently results in hospitalization with in-hospital mortality rates of up to 10 % reported [8]. Despite the potential impact of FN, other than recommended administration or even complete lack of G-CSF was frequently observed in the study. Physicians may have selected other strategies for FN risk reduction such as using prophylactic antibiotics, shorter courses of daily G-CSF than recommended or modifying or reducing the intensity of the standard chemotherapy regimen. Antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the risk of infection and infection-related complications [38, 39]; it has no effect on the underlying neutropenia. In breast cancer patients undergoing TAC chemotherapy, antibiotics and shorter than recommended courses of daily G-CSF have both been shown to provide suboptimal protection against FN, particularly in comparison to pegfilgrastim [37]. Overall, insufficient evidence is available to make a valid comparison between antibiotic prophylaxis and G-CSF use [39]. Recent ASCO guidelines recommend that antibiotic prophylaxis should be limited to only those patients expected to experience long-lasting very severe neutropenia [40]. The potential for development of antibiotic resistance should be considered in clinical decision making. Reductions or changes to the chemotherapy regimen should be considered when treatment intent is palliative [15], but reductions in dose intensity may compromise long-term outcomes in patients receiving potentially curative chemotherapy [7]. This study indicates that improved education of physicians on all aspects of neutropenia management may enable more fully informed treatment decisions and improved outcomes in patients with cancer receiving myelotoxic chemotherapy.

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

(DOCX 48 kb)