The emerging role of Galectin-3 and ST2 in heart failure: practical considerations and pitfalls using novel biomarkers.

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and, despite recent advances in therapy HF hospitalization rates remains unacceptably high. Prompt identification and optimal management of HF can affect long-term outcome. A valuable tool with diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment-guiding properties in this respect will be very useful, as exemplified by natriuretic peptides. However, natriuretic peptide levels show biological variation and are dependent on age, renal function, and body mass index. Recent advances in the field of molecular biology and HF pathophysiology have led to the discovery of other novel biomarkers that may have advantages. Among others, Galectin-3 (GAL3) and sST2 are 2 promising biomarkers that have been recently developed and can be used alone or in combination with natriuretic peptides in clinical practice. In the current paper, we review the existing data regarding GAL3 and sST2 in HF.