Fanny Lanternier1, Saad Pathan1, Laurent Abel1, Olivier Lortholary1, Jean-Laurent Casanova1, Capucine Picard1, Bodo Grimbacher1, Anne Puel1, Quentin B Vincent1, Luyan Liu1, Sophie Cypowyj1, Carolina Prando1, Mélanie Migaud1, Lynda Taibi1, Aomar Ammar-Khodja1, Omar Boudghene Stambouli1, Boumediene Guellil1, Frederique Jacobs1, Jean-Christophe Goffard1, Kinda Schepers1, Véronique Del Marmol1, Lobna Boussofara1, Mohamed Denguezli1, Molka Larif1, Hervé Bachelez1, Laurence Michel1, Gérard Lefranc1, Rod Hay1, Gregory Jouvion1, Fabrice Chretien1, Sylvie Fraitag1, Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux1, Merad Boudia1. 1. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Deep dermatophytosis is a severe and sometimes life-threatening fungal infection caused by dermatophytes. It is characterized by extensive dermal and subcutaneous tissue invasion and by frequent dissemination to the lymph nodes and, occasionally, the central nervous system. The condition is different from common superficial dermatophyte infection and has been reported in patients with no known immunodeficiency. Patients are mostly from North African, consanguineous, multiplex families, which strongly suggests a mendelian genetic cause. METHODS: We studied the clinical features of deep dermatophytosis in 17 patients with no known immunodeficiency from eight unrelated Tunisian, Algerian, and Moroccan families. Because CARD9 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9) deficiency has been reported in an Iranian family with invasive fungal infections, we also sequenced CARD9 in the patients. RESULTS: Four patients died, at 28, 29, 37, and 39 years of age, with clinically active deep dermatophytosis. No other severe infections, fungal or otherwise, were reported in the surviving patients, who ranged in age from 37 to 75 years. The 15 Algerian and Tunisian patients, from seven unrelated families, had a homozygous Q289X CARD9 allele, due to a founder effect. The 2 Moroccan siblings were homozygous for the R101C CARD9 allele. Both alleles are rare deleterious variants. The familial segregation of these alleles was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance and complete clinical penetrance. CONCLUSIONS: All the patients with deep dermatophytosis had autosomal recessive CARD9 deficiency. Deep dermatophytosis appears to be an important clinical manifestation of CARD9 deficiency. (Funded by Agence Nationale pour la Recherche and others.).
BACKGROUND:Deep dermatophytosis is a severe and sometimes life-threatening fungal infection caused by dermatophytes. It is characterized by extensive dermal and subcutaneous tissue invasion and by frequent dissemination to the lymph nodes and, occasionally, the central nervous system. The condition is different from common superficial dermatophyte infection and has been reported in patients with no known immunodeficiency. Patients are mostly from North African, consanguineous, multiplex families, which strongly suggests a mendelian genetic cause. METHODS: We studied the clinical features of deep dermatophytosis in 17 patients with no known immunodeficiency from eight unrelated Tunisian, Algerian, and Moroccan families. Because CARD9 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9) deficiency has been reported in an Iranian family with invasive fungal infections, we also sequenced CARD9 in the patients. RESULTS: Four patients died, at 28, 29, 37, and 39 years of age, with clinically active deep dermatophytosis. No other severe infections, fungal or otherwise, were reported in the surviving patients, who ranged in age from 37 to 75 years. The 15 Algerian and Tunisian patients, from seven unrelated families, had a homozygous Q289X CARD9 allele, due to a founder effect. The 2 Moroccan siblings were homozygous for the R101C CARD9 allele. Both alleles are rare deleterious variants. The familial segregation of these alleles was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance and complete clinical penetrance. CONCLUSIONS: All the patients with deep dermatophytosis had autosomal recessive CARD9 deficiency. Deep dermatophytosis appears to be an important clinical manifestation of CARD9 deficiency. (Funded by Agence Nationale pour la Recherche and others.).
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