Olena Gruzieva1, Ulrike Gehring2, Rob Aalberse3, Raymond Agius4, Rob Beelen2, Heidrun Behrendt5, Tom Bellander6, Matthias Birk7, Johan C de Jongste8, Elaine Fuertes7, Joachim Heinrich7, Gerard Hoek2, Claudia Klümper9, Gerard Koppelman10, Michal Korek11, Ursula Krämer9, Sarah Lindley12, Anna Mölter4, Angela Simpson13, Marie Standl7, Marianne van Hage14, Andrea von Berg15, Alet Wijga16, Bert Brunekreef17, Göran Pershagen6. 1. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: olena.gruzieva@ki.se. 2. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 3. Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4. Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. 5. ZAUM-Centre for Allergy and Environment, Technical University (TUM)/Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany. 6. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden. 7. Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany. 8. Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 9. IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorff, Germany. 10. Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 11. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 12. School of Environment and Development (Geography), University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. 13. Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. 14. Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 15. Marien-Hospital Wesel, Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Wesel, Germany. 16. Centre for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. 17. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence on the long-term effects of air pollution exposure on childhood allergy is limited. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between air pollution exposure and allergic sensitization to common allergens in children followed prospectively during the first 10 years of life. METHODS: Five European birth cohorts participating in the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects project were included: BAMSE (Sweden), LISAplus and GINIplus (Germany), MAAS (Great Britain), and PIAMA (The Netherlands). Land-use regression models were applied to assess the individual residential outdoor levels of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), the mass concentration of particles between 2.5 and 10 μm in size, and levels of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10), as well as measurement of the blackness of PM2.5 filters and nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide levels. Blood samples drawn at 4 to 6 years of age, 8 to 10 years of age, or both from more than 6500 children were analyzed for allergen-specific serum IgE against common allergens. Associations were assessed by using multiple logistic regression and subsequent meta-analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of sensitization to any common allergen within the 5 cohorts ranged between 24.1% and 40.4% at the age of 4 to 6 years and between 34.8% and 47.9% at the age of 8 to 10 years. Overall, air pollution exposure was not associated with sensitization to any common allergen, with odds ratios ranging from 0.94 (95% CI, 0.63-1.40) for a 1 × 10(-5) ∙ m(-1) increase in measurement of the blackness of PM2.5 filters to 1.26 (95% CI, 0.90-1.77) for a 5 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 exposure at birth address. Further analyses did not provide consistent evidence for a modification of the air pollution effects by sex, family history of atopy, or moving status. CONCLUSION: No clear associations between air pollution exposure and development of allergic sensitization in children up to 10 years of age were revealed.
BACKGROUND: Evidence on the long-term effects of air pollution exposure on childhood allergy is limited. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between air pollution exposure and allergic sensitization to common allergens in children followed prospectively during the first 10 years of life. METHODS: Five European birth cohorts participating in the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects project were included: BAMSE (Sweden), LISAplus and GINIplus (Germany), MAAS (Great Britain), and PIAMA (The Netherlands). Land-use regression models were applied to assess the individual residential outdoor levels of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), the mass concentration of particles between 2.5 and 10 μm in size, and levels of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10), as well as measurement of the blackness of PM2.5 filters and nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide levels. Blood samples drawn at 4 to 6 years of age, 8 to 10 years of age, or both from more than 6500 children were analyzed for allergen-specific serum IgE against common allergens. Associations were assessed by using multiple logistic regression and subsequent meta-analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of sensitization to any common allergen within the 5 cohorts ranged between 24.1% and 40.4% at the age of 4 to 6 years and between 34.8% and 47.9% at the age of 8 to 10 years. Overall, air pollution exposure was not associated with sensitization to any common allergen, with odds ratios ranging from 0.94 (95% CI, 0.63-1.40) for a 1 × 10(-5) ∙ m(-1) increase in measurement of the blackness of PM2.5 filters to 1.26 (95% CI, 0.90-1.77) for a 5 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 exposure at birth address. Further analyses did not provide consistent evidence for a modification of the air pollution effects by sex, family history of atopy, or moving status. CONCLUSION: No clear associations between air pollution exposure and development of allergic sensitization in children up to 10 years of age were revealed.
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