Growth and content of spirulina platensis biomass chlorophyll cultivated at different values of light intensity and temperature using different nitrogen sources.

The effects of light intensity and temperature in S. platensis cultivation with potassium nitrate or urea as nitrogen source were investigated, as well as the biomass chlorophyll contents of this cyanobacteria, through the Response Surface Methodology. Experiments were performed at temperatures from 25 to 34.5ºC and light intensities from 15 to 69 µmol photons m(-2) s(-1), in mineral medium. In cultivations with both sources of nitrogen, KNO3 and urea, statistic evaluation through multiple regression, no interactions of such independent variables were detected in the results of the dependent variables maximum cell concentration, chlorophyll biomass contents, cell and chlorophyll productivities, as well as in the nitrogen-cell conversion factor. In cultivation performed with both sources of nitrogen, it was possible to obtain satisfactory adjustments to relate the dependent variables to the independent variables. The best results were achieved at temperature of 30ºC, at light intensity of 60 µmol photons m(-2)s(-1), for cell growth, with cell productivity of approximately 95 mg L(-1) d(-1) in cultivations with urea. For the chlorophyll biomass content, the most adequate light intensity was 24 µmol photons m(-2) s(-1).

INTRODUCTION

The cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis is interesting due to the nutritional value of its biomass components. In addition to the high contents of proteins, other substances such as vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and phycocyanin, β-carotene and chlorophyll pigments that have been used as food and drink, cosmetic and pharmaceutical colorants are emphasized (4, 10, 31).

To obtain these chemical components other than Spirulina sp, the biomass is submitted to extraction and purification processes for isolation and separation of these components and the remaining material can also be designed for animal feeding.

The biotechnology has demonstrated a special interest in production of colorants, since fermentative processes present a series of advantages when compared with the conventional animal and vegetal sources. They are more flexible and easily controlled, they can be operated continuously, they can be carried out in small area and periods of time, and they are not subject to climatic variations and do not drastically affect the environment (3, 30).

In the biotechnological processes, the cultivation medium components are responsible for high costs, and they exercise a strong influence on the microorganisms behavior. In the S. platensis cultivation, the KNO3 is commonly used as nitrogen source, but the replacement by urea is an interesting alternative in terms of significant cost reduction in addition of providing higher cell growth with higher chlorophyll contents (13, 28, 35, 39).

S. platensis capacity to synthesize a considerable content of chlorophyll helps this microorganism to be considered as an interesting alternative source of this pigment (29). The chlorophyll biosynthesis by S. platensis can be favored, based on studies on controlled conditions, by the composition of the cultivation medium and by the illumination (16), which is a factor related to the chlorophyll content of biomass, and is stimulated when light supply is limited (24, 25, 28).

In literature, an interaction between the illumination and the temperature in the S. platensis growth is widely stated, indicating that, in lower temperatures, the photoinhibition effect is more accentuated, resulting in both low final cell concentrations and low cell productivities. However, these studies cover the cultivation under natural illumination, whereas such temperature effects and light intensity are related to the climatic variances occurred by the seasons of the year and the photoperiods (18, 32, 36).

As information of light intensity and temperature variables in Spirulina sp. cultivations under controlled conditions is useful, indoor cultivations, due to the fact that they are not subject to daily oscillations of such variables, may facilitate checking of the simultaneous effect of such variables on the cell growth. In addition, the indoor cultivation may result in a biomass additionally free of impurities and contaminations, facilitating the treatment operations for application in food (4, 8). The response surface methodology allows a concurrent assessment of the independent variables effects in the process, as well as detection of their interactions. This work aims execution of this study under artificial illumination conditions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The microorganism Spirulina platensis, was maintained in Paoletti et al. (1975) cultivation medium (26). Cells of the cyanobacterium grown in shaker at 42 µmol photons m−2 s−1provided by fluorescent lamps, 30 ± 2 ºC, 100 rpm, were collected in logarithmic growth phase (27), filtered and used in preparation of the inoculum. In cultivations with KNO3 as nitrogen source, the cells were resuspended in Paoletti (26) medium, starting from the initial cell concentration of 50 mg L−1. In cultivations with urea as nitrogen source, an additional step was used consisting of cell washing with 0.9% NaCl solution for removal of residual nitrate from pre-inoculum step.

The experiments were performed in open ponds (3, 26) equipped with rotating blades with 18 rpm agitation rate, cultivation volume of 5 L and area of 1250 cm2. In cultivations in which the KNO3 was substituted by urea, the fed-batch addition of urea was adopted, aiming to avoid inhibiting levels of ammonia for the microorganism, since this metabolic is formed as a result of urea decomposition in alkaline conditions (13). The addition of urea was performed during 14 days using a MILAN® peristaltic dosing pump (Curitiba, PR, Brazil) following an exponentially increasing mass flow rate up to the final quantity of 2.5 g (5, 6, 13). In cultivations with KNO3 as nitrogen source, the batch cultivation process was used. In all the experiments, the water lost due to evaporation was replaced daily.

The light intensities were obtained by the adjustment of the fluorescent lamp distance from the ponds' surfaces. The light intensities, measured with SEKONIC® 246 illuminance meter, were initially expressed in klux, and then converted to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), expressed in µmol photons m−2 s−1, using the conversion factor (12 µmol photons m−2 s−1 klux−1) proposed by McCree (23) for white fluorescent light. The fixed temperatures were obtained with immersion of VISITERM® heaters equipped with thermostats.

The model used for experimental planning, denominated "star planning", consisted in a model of two independent variables (light intensity and temperature) in 2 different levels (22) plus the central point, increased by an identical planning, however turned at 45 degrees in relation to the starting direction. This resulted in experiments 1 to 9. The 10 and 11 experiments are repetitions of the central point (experiment 9). Aiming to investigate the behavior of the S. platensis as function of the selected independent variables, the central point of the variables temperature and light intensity and correspondent ranges were selected on basis of the Vonshak (40) and Danesi (12) relates, respectively (The values of these variables can be observed in Table 1). The results were analyzed by multiple regression, taking into consideration as dependent variables(Y) named: maximum cell concentration (Xm), total chlorophyll obtained (Clt), cell productivity (Px) and chlorophyll productivity (PCl), which mathematic model is:

Table 1

Maximum cell concentration (X) and chlorophyll contents of cultivation biomass. Codified values between brackets.

Experiment	Light intensity (µmol photons m−2s−1)	Temperature(ºC)	Xm(mg.L−1)		Chlorophyll(mg.g−1)		Total Chlorophyll(mg)
E	T	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea
1	24(-1)	27(-1)	687	888	15.1	14.7	51.8	65.3
2	60(+1)	27(−1)	1610	1648	9.2	7.8	74.1	64.3
3	24(-1)	33(+1)	729	803	13.8	14.5	50.3	58.2
4	60(+1)	33(+1)	1597	1600	9.1	7.3	72.7	58.4
5	15(-1.5)	30(0)	486	497	13.5	13.2	32.8	32.8
6	42(0)	34.5(+1.5)	536	687	10.4	8.8	27.8	30.3
7	69(+1.5)	30(0)	1506	1404	8.6	6.8	64.7	47.8
8	69 (0)	25.5(-1.5)	742	1032	12.2	12.1	45.2	62.4
9	69(0)	30(0)	1109	1479	12.3	11.4	68.2	84.3
10	69(0)	30(0)	1201	1471	12.2	11.8	73.3	86.8
11	69(0)	30(0)	1132	1487	11.8	10.7	66.8	79.5

Where X and X represent the codified values of light intensity and temperature, respectively, and the X represents the interaction effect between these two variables. The value of b represents the independent coefficient of the function and the others the coefficients related to the factors indicated in the equation (1).

In the regression analysis, significance levels of p < 0.10 were considered for linear coefficients (b and b), while p < 0.20 were considered for quadratic (b and b) and interaction (b) coefficients (7). The coefficients obtained from combinations of the independent variables were taken into account only when they allowed for better approximation between values estimated by the polynome and experimental data. This could be observed either by an increase in the determination coefficient (R2) or by a decrease in the p value for the coefficients bij. Nevertheless, the analyses of variance for the regressions were performed considering an error of 5% at most (p < 0.05). The regression analyses were done using the S-PLUS 2000 program.

In the experiments were monitored:

Cell concentration: samples of cultivations were collected periodically for analysis of cell growth through turbidimetry with transmittance reading of suspension in FEMTO® spectrophometer at 560 nm and correlation with a calibration curve (5, 24). It was expressed in dry mass per liter of suspension.

Biomass chlorophyll content: It was determined in sample corresponding to the maximum cell concentration in 5 mL of cultivation medium filtered for vacuum extraction of cells with 1.0 μm porosity polytetrafluorethylene membranes. The material was submitted to extraction with acetone and chlorophyll a was measured spectrophotometrically at 661.7 nm through a calibration curve using as standard chlorophyll a SIGMA® C6144 (13, 16, 24, 25, 29, 41).

Total ammonia concentration: The concentration of total n class="Chemical">ammonia was determined immediately before the daily addition of urea on medium samples free of cells, after preliminary pH adjustment at 13.0 with NaOH 1.5 M, by a potentiometer, model 710-A (Orion, Beverly, MA, USA), using a selective ammonia ion electrode, model 95-12 (Orion) (20).

Nitrate concentration: It was determined by methodology suggested by Vogel (38) in the medium samples free of cells.

The following kinetic parameters were calculated:

Cell productivity:

Where: P = cell productivity (mg L−1 day−1)

X= initial cell concentration (mg L−1)

X= maximum cell concentration (mg L−1)

T= cultivation time related to the maximum cell concentration (days)

Chlorophyll productivity:

Where: P = Chlorophyll productivity (mg L−1 day−1)

[Cl] = chlorophyll a content in biomass (mg g−1)

X = maximum cell concentration (mg L−1)

T= cultivation time related to maximum cell concentration (days)

Nitrogen-cell conversion factor:

Where: Y = nitrogen-cell conversion factor (mg mg−1)

X= initial cell concentration (mg L−1)

Xm= maximum cell concentration obtained (mg L−1)

V = cultivation volume (L)

N = total quantity of added nitrogen (mg)

Maximum specific growth rate (μ Where (dX/dt) represents the microbial growth rate calculated by the Leduy e Zajic method (24).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The experiments results in several light intensities and temperatures to which the cyanobacteria cultivations were submitted, in terms of maximum cell concentration, chlorophyll and total chlorophyll content are expressed in Table 1.

Maximum growth of microorganism occurred with the use of urea in the light intensity of 60 µmol photons m−2 s−1, at 27ºC, where 1648 mg L−1 of cell concentration was achieved, and minimum occurred with the use of KNO3 in the light intensity of 15 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and temperature of 30ºC, achieving 486 mg L−1.

In the intermediate light intensity (42 µmol photons m−2s−1), at 30ºC, the maximum cell concentration (X) was about 1400 mg L−1. At the same temperature, in the highest light intensity under study (69 µmol photons m−2 s−1), X reached 1506 mg L−1, indicating that probably in the light intensity of 60 µmol photons m−2 s−1was the light intensity enough to support maximum cell growth (Table 1) and higher values of light intensity, under the conditions assayed, did not have increase the cell growth likely because a shadow effect that can be responsible for growth interruption (9, 25).

The influence of illumination on cell growth was evident showing a clear relation between the cell concentration and the light intensity (18, 36). In fact, once the nutrient and temperature requirements have been satisfied, so that these do not limit the growth, the light intensity and its duration define the growth rate and the production yield. The cell concentration interferes in this phenomenon, as there are few cells per unit of volume, at the beginning of cultivation; each cell receives a quantity of light energy higher than the minimum required for the photosynthesis (32). Thus, an increase in cell concentration occurs, as the photosynthesis rate is higher than the one of respiration. At the end of cultivation, due to the mutual shadow, a reduction in energy provided to the cell occurs. This can be explained for the cell growth by the so called photosynthetic compensation point (36).

The temperature also indicated an influence in cell concentration, because although the growth has been privileged in average temperature of 30ºC, a harmful effect was detected at temperature of 34.5ºC, likely because of its thermal inactivation (33).

The temperature influence on the ranges under study from 25.5 to 34.5ºC, was not so significant as the light intensity in cell growth, as although a variation of approximately 10ºC occurred, these values are not so far from the excellent range of temperature for the S. platensis, which in the literature is indicated as a mesophilic algae that grows from 18 to 40ºC (38). On the other hand, the best temperature for cell growth obtained in this study differ of the best ones related for open cultivations (35–37ºC), under natural illumination (41), likely because in this study, the cultivations were performed with artificial illumination and temperature control.

The chlorophyll contents obtained confirmed the influence of illumination of the content of this pigment. In lower light intensities, higher contents occurred, as the cells need to optimize capture of small amount of available light (37, 41). However, these levels were achieved due a very low growth, and the total chlorophyll was less than the ones obtained in high light intensities. Under intermediate light intensities, at 3.5 Klux, the chlorophyll contents in cyanobacterium were close to the ones indicated in literature (19, 29).

As related to the nitrogen sources used in cultivations, with urea maximum cell concentrations achieved were higher than those with KNO3 (1, 28). The feasibility in use of urea as nitrogen source in cultivation of S. platensis was evident because microorganism growth was higher with urea under all tested conditions, without any significant influence on biomass chlorophyll content, resulting in higher total yields.

In Table 2, the results of cells and chlorophyll productivities, n class="Chemical">nitrogen-cell conversion factors, maximum specific growth rates for the essays can be observed.

Table 2.

Cell productivity (Px), nitrogen-cell conversion factor (YX/N), maximum specific growth rate (μm) and chlorophyll productivity (PCl).

Experiment	Px(mg.L−1.day−1)		YX/N(mg g−1)		μm(day−1)		PCl (mg.L−1.day−1)
	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea
1		37.4	55.8	1.8	3.6	0.50	0.58	0.74	0.93
2		91.7	99.8	4.3	6.8	0.75	0.85	1.05	0.92
3		45.3	50.2	1.9	3.2	0.32	0.57	0.71	0.83
4		96.5	96.8	4.3	6.6	0.74	0.82	1.03	0.83
5		29.1	28.0	1.2	1.9	0.60	0.65	0.46	0.47
6		30.3	39.8	1.4	2.7	0.45	0.47	0.40	0.43
7		85.6	79.6	4.0	5.8	0.51	0.56	0.93	0.68
8		40.7	61.4	1.9	4.2	0.63	0.68	0.65	0.90
9		70.6	95.3	3.0	6.2	0.73	0.75	0.97	1.21
10		72.0	94.7	3.2	6.1	0.76	0.81	1.04	1.23
11		72.1	95.8	3.0	6.2	0.68	0.78	0.95	1.14

Cell productivity (Px), nitrogen-cell conversion factor (n class="Chemical">YX/N), maximum specific growth rate (μm) and chlorophyll productivity (PCl).

Cell productivity was influenced in an evident manner by the illumination, where, in greater light intensities, higher values were detected. On the other hand, in regard to chlorophyll productivity, higher productivities were identified in intermediate values of light intensity, this means, in the central point, at 3.5 Klux, in accordance with the results of Rangel-Yagui (29) and indicated by Kebede & Ahlgren (19). In fact, the maximum total chlorophyll productions occur in intermediate light intensity levels, in which the gain in investment in new chlorophyll equilibrates cost of synthesis.

The maximum growth specific rates were slightly superior in cultivations with urea and higher light intensities exercise a more significant positive influence in this factor, as growth of microorganism is favored under these conditions. However, this effect went up to the region where an increment in light intensity is no long advantageous as it reaches light saturation regions (14, 22).

The results related to maximum cell concentration, total chlorophyll and cell and n class="Chemical">chlorophyll productivities, with urea and KNO3 as nitrogen sources (Tables 1 and 2), were submitted to multiple regression analyses considering as independent variables the light intensity and temperature in their coded values.

In Table 3, the multiple regression analysis for maximum cell concentration (Xm) can be note for both nitrogen sources.

Table 3.

Multivariable Regression Analysis of maximum cell concentration (X) for both KNO3a and Urea as a function of the codified light intensity (X) and temperature (X).

Factor	Regression coefficient		Standard error		t-value
KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea
Intercept	1159.3	1500.8	73.4	105.8	15.79	14.19
X1	390.7	343.2	61.1	63.1	6.40	5.44
X2	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c
X21	−c	−189.4	−c	71.2	−c	−2.62
X22	−166.8	−226.9	64.8	71.2	−2.57	−3.19
X1·X2	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c

R2 adjusted = 0.82; p < 0.001

R2 adjusted = 0.80; p = 0.024

p > 0.20

Based on the regression analysis, the following equation was written for the results with KNO3:

Noting the equation coefficients for this model, it is possible to observe that, within the studied range, the light intensity relation with the microorganism cell growth was linear, while the temperature effect was parabolic. In fact, the response surface obtained (Figure 1A) confirms the influence of light intensity in cell growth, indicating that with higher light intensities the cell concentration increases. The temperature of approximately 30ºC privileged the cell growth, whereas below this temperature growth was lower, with higher temperature inclined to drop too.

Figure 1.

Response surface of maximum cell concentration (X as function of the codified values of both the light intensity (X) and the temperature (X) for S. platensis cultivation with KNO3 (A) and urea (B) as nitrogen source.

Based on the regression analysis, the equation below was written for data with urea:

In cultivations with urea, the relation between maximum cell concentration and both independent variables studies, was parabolic. According to the adopted experimental planning, it is possible to say that higher light intensities (X=+1, 60 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and medium temperatures (X=0, 30 ºC) favor cell growth (Figure 1B). An interaction of temperature with the light intensities in these essays was not noted, as mentioned in the literature, and this is due probably to the conditions to which the cultivations were submitted, under artificial illumination and constant temperature, different from the natural conditions. The range under study for these variables was not too wide, as the study of controlled conditions far off the conditions indicated as ideal, would not be adequate for production purposes.

The cell growth, in spite of having occurred in a manner directly proportional to the light intensity, is also inclined to drop with light intensity above 5 Klux, as can be noted in the response surface (Figure 1B), confirming the light saturation effect in this range of light intensity under artificial and constant illumination conditions.

Nitrate and nitrate has been related to be the best nitrogen source for S. platensis growth in the batch process (11, 15). In this work, even the concentration of KNO3 being maintained above 1.5 g/L, which are not limiting for Spirulina growth (15), the maximum cell concentrations were minor than that ones obtained when urea was used as nitrogen source. This occurred likely because, in fed-batch process, where the cells were fed with the nitrogen source during the period of cultivation, the urea was hydrolyzed due both alkaline conditions (13) and urease (34) leading to release of ammonia, which is the preferred nitrogen source for S. platensis (6). In fact, during the cultivation, it has found ammonia in the culture medium, whose values were between 10−6 and 10−5, which are not inhibitory for S. platensis (7). Besides, when using KNO3 as nitrogen source, the energetic need is higher due to the need for nitrogen reduction (17).

In Table 4, the multiple regression analysis for total chlorophyll content with urea and KNO3, can be noted. Based on the regression analysis, cultivations with KNO3 the following equation was written:

Table 4.

Multivariable Regression Analysis of total chlorophyll (Clt) for both KNO3 and Urea as a function of the codified light intensity (X) and temperature (X).

Factor	Regression coefficient		Standard error		t-value
KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea
Intercept	64.41	84.67	4.71	5.65	13.68	14.98
X1	10.89	−c	3.92	−c	2.78	−c
X2	−c	−7.20	−c	3.37	−c	−2.13
X21	−c	−16.71	−c	3.80	−c	−4.39
X22	−9.51	−14.02	4.15	3.80	−2.29	−3.69
X1·X2	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c

R2 adjusted = 0.52; p = 0.021

R2 adjusted = 0.72; p = 0.007

p > 0.20

The model presented indicates that, as the total chlorophyll contents are expressed in quantity of biomass obtained, they are consequently related to the cell growth, where in the range under study, the influence of light intensity is linear and the temperature has parabolic profile. Based on the regression analysis for cultivations with urea as nitrogen source, the following equation was written:

As similarly observed in cultivations with KNO3, these cultures with urea have a similar behavior as the one obtained for X. The higher total chlorophyll, as the obtained response surfaces indicates (Figures 3 e 4), have followed the same behavior as those previously observed for X. However, the effects of independent variables on the Clt have been additionally evident, indicating that the chlorophyll formation was dependent of the independent variables studied under conditions assayed.

Figure 3.

Response surface of cell productivity (Px) as function of the codified values of both the light intensity (X) and the temperature (X) for S. platensis cultivation with KNO3 and urea as nitrogen source.

Figure 4.

Response surface of chlorophyll productivity ((P as function of the codified values of both the light intensity (X) and the temperature (X) for S. platensis cultivation with KNO3 and urea as nitrogen source.

Multivariable Regression Analysis of total chlorophyll (n class="Chemical">Clt) for both KNO3 and Urea as a function of the codified light intensity (X) and temperature (X).

In Table 5 the multiple regression analysis for cell productivity with urea and n class="Chemical">KNO3 can be observed. Based on the regression analysis, the following equations were written:

Table 5.

Multivariable Regression Analysis of cell productivity (P) for both KNO3 and Urea as a function of the codified light intensity (X>) and temperature (X>).

Factor	Regression coefficient		Standard error		t-value
	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea
Intercept	71.21	91.83	3.99	6.62	17.86	14.16
X1	25.01	21.64	3.32	3.95	7.54	5.47
X2	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c
X12	−c	−11.80	−c	4.46	−c	−2.65
X22	−12.36	−15.58	3.52	4.46	−3.51	−3.49
X1 · X2	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c

R2 adjusted = 0.87; p < 0.001

R2 adjusted = 0.81; p = 0.002

p > 0.20

The equation coefficients obtained evidence that it was possible to achieve a maximum point in temperature corresponding to the central point for both nitrogen sources. On the other hand, taking into consideration the light intensity, the equations mentioned above and the corresponding figures (Figures 2 and 4) indicate that while for the use of urea as nitrogen source it was possible to obtain the maximum point in the range under study, the same did not occur when using KNO3 as nitrogen source, and this is due probably to the higher consumption of energy for use of this nitrogen source, and this is in accordance with the work of Hatori and Myers (17).

Figure 2.

Response surface of total chlorophyll (Clt)as function of the codified values of both the light intensity (X) and the temperature (X) for S. platensis cultivation with KNO3 (A) and urea (B) as nitrogen source.

Response surface of total chlorophyll (n class="Chemical">Clt)as function of the codified values of both the light intensity (X) and the temperature (X) for S. platensis cultivation with KNO3 (A) and urea (B) as nitrogen source.

In regard to the chlorophyll productivity, it was also possible to obtain mathematical models that represent the dependence of this variable in relation to the independent variables under study, with the summary of the regressions and corresponding analyses of variance of the regression presented in Table 6, and the following equations can be written: Where PlKNO3 and PUrrea represent the productivity in chlorophyll with KNO3 and urea, respectively, as function of the codified values of the light intensity (X) and temperature (X). Looking at the figures related to these productivities (Figures 3 and 4), it is clear that for both nitrogen sources it was possible to obtain the maximum point of the function without the range under study. As the chlorophyll productivity is a function of the total quantity of chlorophyll produced, it is expected that the chlorophyll productivity for tests performed with KNO3 as nitrogen source would be a linear function of variable X. However, this did not occur, as although with the increase of light intensity it was possible to obtain higher cell concentrations and consequently an increase of total quantity of produced chlorophyll, this increase would occur with a corresponding increase of cultivation time. Thus, there would be an intermediate light intensity that would maximize the relation between the produced total chlorophyll concentration and the corresponding time. As related to cultivation with urea, the same productivity relation occurred in chlorophyll with X than the one identified for total chlorophyll (Figure 2), and this probably is due to the fact that the increase of light intensity above the evaluated intermediate value does not result in a gain of maximum cell concentration (Figure 1), or in a significant increase of productivity (Figure 2)

Table 6

Multivariable Regression Analysis of chlorophyll productivity (P) for both KNO3 and Urea as a function of the codified light intensity (X) and temperature (X).

Factor	Regression coefficient		Standard error		t-value
	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea	KNO3	Urea
Intercept	1.00	1.21	0.085	0.080	11.79	15.15
X1	0.16	−c	0.050	0.048	3.08	−2.21
X2	−c	−0.11	−c	−c	−c	−c
X12	−0.09	−0.24	0.057	0.054	−1.53	−4.46
X22	−0.16	−0.20	0.057	0.054	−2.84	−3.71
X1 X2	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c	−c

R2 adjusted = 0.60; p = 0.024

R2 adjusted = 0.73; p = 0.006

p > 0.20

Multivariable Regression Analysis of chlorophyll productivity (P) for both n class="Chemical">KNO3 and Urea as a function of the codified light intensity (X) and temperature (X).

On the other hand, the chlorophyll productivity depended on temperature variable in an analog manner to what occurred for the total n class="Chemical">chlorophyll variable.