INTRODUCTION: Thyroid hormones play important roles in the development of neural cells in the central nervous system. Even minor changes to normal thyroid hormone levels affect dendritic and axonal outgrowth, sprouting and myelination and might even lead to irreversible damages such as cretinism. Despite our knowledge of the influence on the mammalian CNS, the role of thyroid hormones in the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) still needs to be elucidated. In this study we have analyzed for the first time the influence of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on ENS progenitor cells using cell biological assays and a microarray technique. RESULTS: In our in vitro model, T3 inhibited cell proliferation and stimulated neurite outgrowth of differentiating ENS progenitor cells. Microarray analysis revealed a group of 338 genes that were regulated by T3 in differentiating enterospheres. 67 of these genes are involved in function and development of the nervous system. 14 of them belong to genes that are involved in axonal guidance or neurite outgrowth. Interestingly, T3 regulated the expression of netrin G1 and endothelin 3, two guidance molecules that are involved in human enteric dysganglionoses. CONCLUSION: The results of our study give first insights how T3 may affect the enteric nervous system. T3 is involved in proliferation and differentiation processes in enterospheres. Microarray analysis revealed several interesting gene candidates that might be involved in the observed effects on enterosphere differentiation. Future studies need to be conducted to better understand the gene to gene interactions.
INTRODUCTION: Thyroid hormones play important roles in the development of neural cells in the central nervous system. Even minor changes to normal thyroid hormone levels affect dendritic and axonal outgrowth, sprouting and myelination and might even lead to irreversible damages such as cretinism. Despite our knowledge of the influence on the mammalian CNS, the role of thyroid hormones in the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) still needs to be elucidated. In this study we have analyzed for the first time the influence of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on ENS progenitor cells using cell biological assays and a microarray technique. RESULTS: In our in vitro model, T3 inhibited cell proliferation and stimulated neurite outgrowth of differentiating ENS progenitor cells. Microarray analysis revealed a group of 338 genes that were regulated by T3 in differentiating enterospheres. 67 of these genes are involved in function and development of the nervous system. 14 of them belong to genes that are involved in axonal guidance or neurite outgrowth. Interestingly, T3 regulated the expression of netrin G1 and endothelin 3, two guidance molecules that are involved in human enteric dysganglionoses. CONCLUSION: The results of our study give first insights how T3 may affect the enteric nervous system. T3 is involved in proliferation and differentiation processes in enterospheres. Microarray analysis revealed several interesting gene candidates that might be involved in the observed effects on enterosphere differentiation. Future studies need to be conducted to better understand the gene to gene interactions.
Authors: Alan J Burns; Allan M Goldstein; Donald F Newgreen; Lincon Stamp; Karl-Herbert Schäfer; Marco Metzger; Ryo Hotta; Heather M Young; Peter W Andrews; Nikhil Thapar; Jaime Belkind-Gerson; Nadege Bondurand; Joel C Bornstein; Wood Yee Chan; Kathryn Cheah; Michael D Gershon; Robert O Heuckeroth; Robert M W Hofstra; Lothar Just; Raj P Kapur; Sebastian K King; Conor J McCann; Nandor Nagy; Elly Ngan; Florian Obermayr; Vassilis Pachnis; Pankaj J Pasricha; Mai Har Sham; Paul Tam; Pieter Vanden Berghe Journal: Dev Biol Date: 2016-04-05 Impact factor: 3.582
Authors: Peter H Neckel; Melanie Scharr; Karin Seid; Katharina Nothelfer; Jörg Fuchs; Florian Obermayr; Bernhard Hirt; Stephan M Huber; Lothar Just Journal: Cells Date: 2019-07-30 Impact factor: 6.600