Time course production of urolithins from ellagic acid by human gut microbiota.

Ellagic acid (EA) is converted to urolithins by gut microbiota. Urolithins have beneficial biological effects in humans, but differences in urolithin production capacity among individuals have been shown. Therefore, the identification of the urolithin production pathways and the microorganisms implicated is of high interest. EA was incubated with gut microbiota from two volunteers able to produce urolithins but with different in vivo urolithin profiles (urolithin A and isourolithin A producers). The metabolic capabilities observed in vivo were retained in vitro. Both individuals showed a much higher abundance of Clostridium leptum group of Firmicutes phylum than Bacteroides / Prevotella . EA was either dissolved in DMSO or suspended in water. DMSO increased EA solubility but decreased urolithin production rate due to a delay in growth of some microbial groups, principally, Clostridium coccoides . This allowed the detection of catabolic intermediates [urolithins M-5, M-6, M-7, C, and 2,3,8,10-tetrahydroxy urolithin (urolithin E)]. Bacteria from C. coccoides group (or genera co-occurring in vivo with this group) seem to be involved in production of different urolithins.