Autophagy and cancer.

Autophagy is a homeostatic and evolutionarily conserved mechanism of self-digestion by which the cells degrade and recycle long-lived proteins and excess or damaged organelles. Autophagy is activated in response to both physiological and pathological stimuli including growth factor depletion, energy deficiency or the upregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression. A novel role of autophagy in various cancers has been proposed. Interestingly, evidence that supports both a positive and negative role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of cancer has been reported. As a tumor suppression mechanism, autophagy maintains genome stability, induces senescence and possibly autophagic cell death. On the other hand, autophagy participates in tumor growth and maintenance by supplying metabolic substrate, limiting oxidative stress, and maintaining cancer stem cell population. It has been proposed that the differential roles of autophagy in cancer are disease type and stage specific. In addition, substrate selectivity might be involved in carrying out the specific effect of autophagy in cancer, and represents one of the potential directions for future studies.