Marjan Kerkhof1, H Marike Boezen2, Raquel Granell3, Alet H Wijga4, Bert Brunekreef5, Henriëtte A Smit6, Johan C de Jongste7, Carel Thijs8, Monique Mommers8, John Penders8, John Henderson3, Gerard H Koppelman9, Dirkje S Postma10. 1. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.kerkhof@umcg.nl. 2. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 3. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. 4. Centre for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. 5. Institute for Risk Assessment Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 6. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 7. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 8. Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University School for Public Health and Primary Care CAPHRI, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 9. Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 10. Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that a disturbed early lung development underlies the susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Little is known about whether subjects genetically predisposed to COPD show their first symptoms or reduced lung function in childhood. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether replicated genes for COPD associate with transient early wheeze (TEW) and lung function levels in 6- to 8-year-old children and whether cigarette smoke exposure in utero and after birth (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS]) modifies these effects. METHODS: The association of COPD-related genotypes of 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 15 genes with TEW, FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio was studied in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort (n = 1996) and replicated in the Child, parents and health: lifestyle and genetic constitution (KOALA) and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohorts. RESULTS: AGER showed replicated association with FEV1/FVC ratio. TNS1 associated with more TEW in PIAMA and lower FEV1 in ALSPAC. TNS1 interacted with ETS in PIAMA, showing lower FEV1 in exposed children. HHIP rs1828591 interacted with cigarette smoke exposure in utero in PIAMA and with ETS in ALSPAC, with lower lung function in nonexposed children. SERPINE2, FAM13A, and MMP12 associated with higher FEV1 and FVC, and SERPINE2, HHIP, and TGFB1 interacted with cigarette smoke exposure in utero in PIAMA only, showing adverse effects of exposure on FEV1 being limited to children with genotypes conferring the lowest risk of COPD. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate relevant involvement of at least 3 COPD genes in lung development and lung growth by demonstrating associations pointing toward reduced airway caliber in early childhood. Furthermore, our results suggest that COPD genes are involved in the infant's lung response to smoke exposure in utero and in early life.
BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that a disturbed early lung development underlies the susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Little is known about whether subjects genetically predisposed to COPD show their first symptoms or reduced lung function in childhood. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether replicated genes for COPD associate with transient early wheeze (TEW) and lung function levels in 6- to 8-year-old children and whether cigarette smoke exposure in utero and after birth (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS]) modifies these effects. METHODS: The association of COPD-related genotypes of 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 15 genes with TEW, FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio was studied in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort (n = 1996) and replicated in the Child, parents and health: lifestyle and genetic constitution (KOALA) and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohorts. RESULTS: AGER showed replicated association with FEV1/FVC ratio. TNS1 associated with more TEW in PIAMA and lower FEV1 in ALSPAC. TNS1 interacted with ETS in PIAMA, showing lower FEV1 in exposed children. HHIP rs1828591 interacted with cigarette smoke exposure in utero in PIAMA and with ETS in ALSPAC, with lower lung function in nonexposed children. SERPINE2, FAM13A, and MMP12 associated with higher FEV1 and FVC, and SERPINE2, HHIP, and TGFB1 interacted with cigarette smoke exposure in utero in PIAMA only, showing adverse effects of exposure on FEV1 being limited to children with genotypes conferring the lowest risk of COPD. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate relevant involvement of at least 3 COPD genes in lung development and lung growth by demonstrating associations pointing toward reduced airway caliber in early childhood. Furthermore, our results suggest that COPD genes are involved in the infant's lung response to smoke exposure in utero and in early life.
Keywords:
ALSPAC; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; COPD; Child, parents and health: lifestyle and genetic constitution; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ETS; Environmental tobacco smoke; FVC; Forced vital capacity; KOALA; OR; Odds ratio; PIAMA; Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy; RAGE; Receptor for advanced glycation end products; SNP; Single nucleotide polymorphism; TEW; Transient early wheeze; in utero exposure; lung function growth; transient early wheeze
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