ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The fruits of Terminalia bellerica Roxb. (Combretaceae) and T. chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) are important components of triphala, a popular Ayurvedic formulation, for treating diabetes in Indian traditional medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the constituents of T. bellerica and T. chebula fruit extracts on PPARα and PPARγ signaling/expression, cellular glucose uptake and adipogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PPARα and PPARγ signaling and expression (luciferase assay and western blot) and the insulin-stimulated uptake of 2-NBDG were determined in HepG2 cells. The effects on adipogenesis were determined in 3T3-L1 cells by Oil red O staining and measurement of lipid content by AdipoRed reagent. RESULTS: Out of the 20 compounds, two ellagitannins, chebulagic acid (1) and corilagin (2), and three gallotannins, 2,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (3), 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (4), and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (5), showed the enhancement of PPARα and/or PPARγ signaling. Two of the gallotannins (4 and 5) also increased PPARα and PPARγ protein expression, while all three (3-5) enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into HepG2 cells. Compound 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (4) was the most potent in increasing cellular glucose uptake (9.92-fold increase at 50 μM). In the test for adipogenesis, 3-5 did not enhance the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but inhibited the adipogenic effect of rosiglitazone. CONCLUSION: Three gallotannins (3-5) from Terminalia fruits acting as enhancers of both PPARα and PPARγ signaling increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake without inducing the adipogenesis, with 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (4) being the most effective in stimulating glucose uptake and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (5) being most effective in increasing PPAR protein expression.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The fruits of Terminalia bellerica Roxb. (Combretaceae) and T. chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) are important components of triphala, a popular Ayurvedic formulation, for treating diabetes in Indian traditional medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the constituents of T. bellerica and T. chebula fruit extracts on PPARα and PPARγ signaling/expression, cellular glucose uptake and adipogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PPARα and PPARγ signaling and expression (luciferase assay and western blot) and the insulin-stimulated uptake of 2-NBDG were determined in HepG2 cells. The effects on adipogenesis were determined in 3T3-L1 cells by Oil red O staining and measurement of lipid content by AdipoRed reagent. RESULTS: Out of the 20 compounds, two ellagitannins, chebulagic acid (1) and corilagin (2), and three gallotannins, 2,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (3), 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (4), and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (5), showed the enhancement of PPARα and/or PPARγ signaling. Two of the gallotannins (4 and 5) also increased PPARα and PPARγ protein expression, while all three (3-5) enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into HepG2 cells. Compound 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (4) was the most potent in increasing cellular glucose uptake (9.92-fold increase at 50 μM). In the test for adipogenesis, 3-5 did not enhance the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but inhibited the adipogenic effect of rosiglitazone. CONCLUSION: Three gallotannins (3-5) from Terminalia fruits acting as enhancers of both PPARα and PPARγ signaling increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake without inducing the adipogenesis, with 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (4) being the most effective in stimulating glucose uptake and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (5) being most effective in increasing PPAR protein expression.
Authors: Maggie C Duncan; Pascal Amoa Onguéné; Ibuki Kihara; Derrick N Nebangwa; Maya E Naidu; David E Williams; Aruna D Balgi; Kerstin Andrae-Marobela; Michel Roberge; Raymond J Andersen; Masahiro Niikura; Fidele Ntie-Kang; Ian Tietjen Journal: Molecules Date: 2020-06-24 Impact factor: 4.411
Authors: Limei Wang; Birgit Waltenberger; Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig; Martina Blunder; Xin Liu; Clemens Malainer; Tina Blazevic; Stefan Schwaiger; Judith M Rollinger; Elke H Heiss; Daniela Schuster; Brigitte Kopp; Rudolf Bauer; Hermann Stuppner; Verena M Dirsch; Atanas G Atanasov Journal: Biochem Pharmacol Date: 2014-07-30 Impact factor: 5.858
Authors: Chinni Yalamanchili; Amar G Chittiboyina; Saqlain Haider; Yelkaira Vasquez; Shabana Khan; Jussara M do Carmo; Alexandre A da Silva; Mark Pinkerton; John E Hall; Larry A Walker; Ikhlas A Khan Journal: Heliyon Date: 2019-12-27