Recent trends in analytical and structural glycobiology.

The great complexity of glycosylated biomolecules necessitates a set of powerful analytical methodologies to reveal functionally important structural features. Mass spectrometry (MS), with its different ionization techniques, mass analyzers, and detection strategies, has become the most important analytical method in glycomic and glycoproteomic investigations. In combination with MS, microscale separations (based on capillary chromatography and electrophoresis) and carbohydrate microchemistry, we feature here conceptually important applications of the recent years. This review focuses on methodological advances pertaining to disease biomarker research, immunology, developmental biology, and measurements of importance to biopharmaceuticals. High-sensitivity determinations and sample enrichment/preconcentration are particularly emphasized in glycomic and glycoproteomic profiling.