Zone 1 flexor tendon injuries: a review of the current treatment options for acute injuries.

Zone 1 flexor tendon avulsion and laceration injuries are commonly managed by plastic surgeons. These injuries are traditionally repaired using the button pullout technique originally described by Bunnell in 1940. The morbidity related to this method is well documented and this has lead to the development of alternative repair methods. These include modifications of the pullout button technique, internal suture techniques and more recently techniques using bone anchors. However, at present no one technique has been shown to be superior to the others either in terms of outcome or low complication rates. This review examines the published techniques for dealing with these injuries with a view to providing the reader with the available outcome data for each repair type.