Beta-hydroxybutyrate and response to hypoxia in the ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecimlineatus.

1. Previous studies have suggested that elevated ketone levels are associated with increased survival time in rodents exposed to hypoxia. In this study the association between whole blood BHB (beta-hydroxybutyrate) and hypoxic survival time was investigated in hibernating and non-hibernating ground squirrels and in rats. 2. Non-hibernating ground squirrels and rats were exposed to hypoxia (4.5% O2). One hundred per cent of ground squirrels survived 1 hr of hypoxia vs 20% of rats. 3. Ketone levels were significantly higher in ground squirrels than rats during hypoxia, and rats surviving the longest had the highest ketone levels. 4. When hibernation was induced in ground squirrels there was a significant increase in beta-hydroxy-butyrate from 0.45 to 1.6 mM (P = 0.0005). 5. Ground squirrel heart mitochondrial respiratory control ratios and ATP synthesis rates indicated no preferential ketone utilization which might suggest a possible extramitochondrial role of BHB during hypoxia. 6. We conclude that elevated blood BHB levels are associated with increased hypoxic survival and they may have evolved in response to life-threatening hypoxia as experienced during hibernation.