Angular craniometry in craniocervical junction malformation.

The craniometric linear dimensions of the posterior fossa have been relatively well studied, but angular craniometry has been poorly studied and may reveal differences in the several types of craniocervical junction malformation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate craniometric angles compared with normal subjects and elucidate the main angular differences among the types of craniocervical junction malformation and the correlation between craniocervical and cervical angles. Angular craniometries were studied using primary cranial angles (basal and Boogard's) and secondary craniocervical angles (clivus canal and cervical spine lordosis). Patients with basilar invagination had significantly wider basal angles, sharper clivus canal angles, larger Boogard's angles, and greater cervical lordosis than the Chiari malformation and control groups. The Chiari malformation group does not show significant differences when compared with normal controls. Platybasia occurred only in basilar invagination and is suggested to be more prevalent in type II than in type I. Platybasic patients have a more acute clivus canal angle and show greater cervical lordosis than non-platybasics. The Chiari group does not show significant differences when compared with the control, but the basilar invagination groups had craniometric variables significantly different from normal controls. Hyperlordosis observed in the basilar inavagination group was associated with craniocervical kyphosis conditioned by acute clivus canal angles.

Introduction

Craniocervical junction malformation (CCJM) in adults is often described by Chiari malformation (CM) and/or basilar invagination (BI). These CCJMs are derived from mesodermal malformations that result in the underdevelopment of the occipital bone with subsequent herniation of the cerebellar tonsils and/or invagination of the upper cervical spine toward the base of the skull.

Studies correlating the spine and constitutional characteristics of the pelvis have been described. The sagittal balance of the spine around the plumb line has been classically measured from the upper C2 (or C7) to the sacrum [10].

Relations between the cranial and spinal angles have not been studied. Cranial angles have the potential to influence the angular geometry of the craniocervical junction and, consequently, all the spine [1]. Hypothetically, patients with larger basal angles (platybasics) have greater craniocervical kyphosis and more intense brainstem ventral compression.

Studies suggest that patients with basilar invagination are, among all types of malformations, those most heavily affected by malformation [2, 3, 6–9, 11–13]. The aim of this study was to evaluate cranial angulations and the correlation between craniocervical and cervical angles in different types of CCJM compared with normal subjects.

Patients and methods

We evaluated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the craniocervical junction in T1 and T2 midline-weighted acquisitions from a CCJM patient sample treated by the authors between 1996 and 2012. A computed tomography scan was used only in specific cases, when necessary, to clarify details of bone anatomy.

The control group’s craniometric angles were obtained randomly from MRI scans that were considered normal by the Radiology Department of the Mandaqui Hospital. Patients with tumors, trauma, and any diagnostic pathology were excluded from this study. Patients with CM were those with symptomatic cerebellar tonsil herniation and/or posterior fossa structures and cisterna magna compressions.

Patients with BI were divided into two groups. Those with axis dens invagination into the foramen magnum were called type I (Fig. 1). Patients with invagination of the dens toward the base of the skull, not inside the foramen magnum, but with a Chamberlain’s line violation by the dens of at least 5 mm were classified as exhibiting type II basilar invagination (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1

Examples of BI type I. The tip of the dens is inside the foramen magnum

Fig. 2

BI type II. The tip of the dens stops in osseous structures, preventing upward migration (arrows)

Angular craniometries were studied in the craniocaudal direction by primary cranial angles (basal and Boogard’s) and secondary craniocervical angles (clivus canal and cervical spine lordosis) as follows (Fig. 3):

Fig. 3

Left Primary angles: basal and Boogard’s angles. Right Secondary angles: clivus canal and cervical lordosis angles

Basal angle (BA): Defined by the angle measured from the nasion, top of the dorsum sellae, and the basion [4]

Clivus canal angle (CC): The angle between the line extending from the top of the dorsum sellae to the basion and the line between the inferodorsal portions of C2 to the most superodorsal part of the dens

Boogard’s angle (BOO): The angle between the top of the dorsum sellae, basion, and opisthion

Cervical lordosis angle (CL): The angle measured between a line drawn from the most inferodorsal to the most superodorsal part of C2 (dens of the axis) and another line drawn between the supero- and inferodorsal regions of the C7 posterior vertebral body. Note that the larger CL obtained resulted in a more straightened spine and that the shorter CL measured resulted in a more lordotic spine.

Platybasia was defined as an enlargement of the basal angle. Measurements of the BA in the control group were used as standards of normality and compared with measurements from other groups to determine the prevalence of platybasia and any correlations with other craniometric angles.

The angles were measured with MeazureTM 2.0 software (C Thing Software). To eliminate variations in measures, all exams, from all groups, were evaluated by the same person in the same fashion (EDZF).

Statistics

Descriptive statistics are reported as means, ranges, and standard deviations. The adherence chi-squared test was used to analyze the difference in gender between the CCJM and control (CTRL) groups. Analysis of variance was used to compare the angles between the three groups studied. The homogeneity of variance between the groups was tested, and adjustments were made with the Brown–Forsythe test. Significant differences between groups were tested with multiple comparisons using Dunnett’s and the Bonferroni tests. For all comparisons, the significance level was considered to be 5 %. Correlation analysis between angles was performed with Spearman’s test.

Results

Craniometric values of 106 individuals, 73 patients with CCJM and 33 normal subjects, were studied and are presented in Fig. 4 and represented in Fig. 5. Among the 73 patients with malformations, 67 % (49) exhibited CM and 32 % (24) had BI.

Fig. 4

MRI image of the four studied groups. Upper left Normal subject. Upper right Chiari malformation. Lower left Basilar invagination I (BI I). Lower right BI II

Fig. 5

Illustration based on the average craniometric angles depicting the four CCJM subgroups. CTRL normal individuals, CM Chiari malformation, BI I basilar invagination type I, BI II basilar invagination type II

Eight patients had BI type I (10 % of CCJM) and 16 patients had BI type II (21 % of CCJM). The mean patient age with CCJM was 47 ± 13 years; the mean age of the control group was 45 ± 12 years (p = 0.42). Forty-two percent of CCJM and 57 % of the control group were males (chi-square test: p = 0.87).

The minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation values of the craniometric angles from the four separate groups are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Angle values of the four studied groups

CCJM	CCJM angles (deg)
	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD
BA BI I	104	155	128	19.35
BA BI II	115	158	130	11.11
BA CM	102	129	117	7.15
BA CTRL	107	132	119	7.11
CC BI I	77	145	123	24.50
CC BI II	80	144	117	16.46
CC CM	123	180	150	12.43
CC CTRL	129	175	148	9.88
Boo BI I	124	190	158	23.41
Boo BI II	153	236	183	24.72
Boo CM	105	175	136	15.26
Boo CTRL	103	148	126	9.40
CL BI I	125	157	138	11.81
CL BI II	113	159	137	14.89
CL CM	115	180	153	14.78
CL CTRL	130	189	158	13.89

BA basal angle, CC clivus canal angle, Boo Boogard’s angle, CL cervical lordosis angle, BI basilar invagination, CM Chiari malformation, CTRL control group

The average CCJM angle distribution is presented in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Graphic illustrations of basilar invagination angles with and without platybasia. ccPLT clivus canal angle of the platybasic group, ccNPLT clivus canal angle of the non-platybasic group, BooPLT Boogard’s angle of the non-platybasic group, BooNPLT Boogard’s angle of the platybasic group, CLPLT cervical lordosis of the platybasic group, CLNPLT cervical lordosis of the non-platybasic group

BI groups I and II were collectively called BI to avoid insufficient number of patients to reveal differences.

Basal angle

The comparison of the BA between groups showed that they were significantly different (Brown–Forsythe test: p < 0.001). The mean of the BI basal angle was greater than that of the CM group (X = 131.01 ± 13.77 vs. X = 117.35 ± 7.15, p = 0.001) and that of the CTRL group (X = 118.71 ± 7.11, p = 0.002). The CM BA was not different from that of the CTRL group (p = 0.813).

Clivus canal angle

Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the CC among the four groups (p < 0.001). The BI CC was smaller (sharper) than that of the CM (119.31 ± 19.18 vs. 150.20 ± 12.43, p < 0.001) and smaller than that of the CTRL (148.42 ± 9.88, p < 0.001). There was no difference between the CC of the CM and CTRL groups (p = 0.844).

Boogard’s angle

Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the BOO among the groups (p < 0.001).

The BI group showed a wider BOO angle than that of the CM group (172 ± 136 vs. 136 ± 15.26, p < 0.001), and was also wider than that of the CTRL group (126 ± 15.26, p < 0.001). The BOO in the CM group was wider than in the CTRL group (136 ± 15.26 vs. 126 ± 9.40, p = 0.003).

Cervical lordosis

The CCJM groups were significantly different when comparing cervical lordosis (p < 0.001).

Angles close to or >180° indicate that the spine is more straightened. Smaller angles indicate a more lordotic spine. The BI group showed higher lordosis (lower angle) than the CM (137.71 ± 13.49 vs. 153 ± 14.78, p < 0.001) and the CTRL groups (158.02 ± 13.89, p < 0.001). There were no differences between the CM and the CTRL groups (p = 0.347).

Platybasia

The mean, standard deviation, and the range of normal subjects’ BA were 118.71 ± 7.11 (106.80–132.10).

The CTRL BA’s sample distribution fit a t-distribution with 29 degrees of freedom. The upper limit of 99 % for the average angles of the basal group of normal individuals was initially considered a potential estimator of normality: 122.29. However, this angular value was invalid as the upper limit of BA normality because there were several normal subjects that had angular values above this limit.

As a result, we tested the greatest amplitude of the BA in normal individuals as the upper normality value. The maximum value obtained from the CTRL group was 132.10; 133° was then used as the upper BA normality limit, and anything above this value was considered to define platybasia. This threshold was tested in the entire set of CCJM groups; only eight patients, among the 106 patients with analyzed exams, were considered platybasics. All platybasic patients belonged to one of the two BI groups: six in the BI II group and two in the BI I group.

A comparison among four angles (primary and secondary) in platybasic patients is shown in Fig. 6. The platybasic subjects had a CC that was more acute than that of non-platybasics (104.53 ± 22 vs. 125.8 ± 13.65, p = 0.021) and flatter BOO (187.0625 ± 12.88 vs. 163, 5 ± 27.87, p = 0.036) than non-platybasics. There was no significant difference in CL measurements (p = 0.867).

Association between primary and secondary angles

The secondary angles were correlated with the other angles studied (Table 2). The CCA was significantly related to the BA (r = −58, p = 0.01), the BOO (R = −0.63, p = 0.01), and the CL (R = 0.43, p = 0.000). The CL was also significantly associated with Boogard’s angle (R = −0.38, p = 0.000).

Table 2

Correlations between primary and secondary angles

			Correlations
			CC	BA	BOO	CL
Spearman’s rho	CC	Correlation coefficient	1.000	−0.586a	−0.630a	0.439a
		Significance (two-tailed)		0.000	0.000	0.000
		N	104	94	104	94
	BA	Correlation coefficient	−0.586a	1.000	0.489a	−0.148
		Significance (two-tailed)	0.000		0.000	0.178
		N	94	94	94	84
	BOO	Correlation coefficient	−0.630a	0.489a	1.000	−0.383a
		Significance (two-tailed)	0.000	0.000		0.000
		N	104	94	104	94
	CL	Correlation coefficient	0.439a	−0.148	−0.383a	1.000
		Significance (two-tailed)	0.000	0.178	0.000
		N	94	84	94	96

aCorrelation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed)

Discussion

There are numerous CCJM configurations due to disorders of embryogenesis of the paraxial mesoderm, occipital bone, atlas, and axis [5, 7, 8, 11]. Primary mesodermal defects and alterations, as well as secondary alterations from collagen and bone metabolic diseases, can lead to CCJM [2]. We studied only primary (or typical) CCJM [8, 11].

In recent decades, several craniometric studies have been performed to produce linear cranial diameter measurements [1, 7, 13]. Historically, craniocervical angles have been studied individually in plain radiographies to identify abnormalities of the axis’s dens position in BI.

Basal angle values measurements were done by Boogard [4] in plain radiographies. Plain radiographs revealed significant variations in the results and values for the diagnosis of platybasia, ranging from 125° to 143° [4]. Both the tuberculum selae and the center of the pituitary fossa were independently used as landmarks in the pre-resonance era papers. In 2005, Koenigsberg evaluated measurement of BA by MRI. The floors of the anterior cranial fossa, dorsum sellae, and clivus were clearly identifiable and reproducible in midline MR imaging.

The use of only four cranial points (nasion, top of the sella turcica, basion, opisthion, and the vertical axis of C2) and cervical lordosis for all craniometric angle definitions in MRI standardizes angle measurements. This removes the variability seen in a plethora of preexisting historical craniometric values that were obtained in the era of plain radiography and conventional planigraphy [3, 4].

Two of the three cranial angles are structural, and they are not influenced by the craniocervical posture or balance (BA and BOO). The BA reflects a flattening of the anterior skull base, and the BOO is influenced by the flattening of the clivus.

The quantification of basal angle with MRI was done by Koenigsberg et al. [4] and Karagoz et al. [3]. The former studied 200 adults and 50 children classified as normal using the top of the dorsum sellae (rather than the center of the pituitary fossa) to measure the basal angle and found a normal value of 129 ± 6. Karagoz et al. [3] studied (with a technique similar to the one used in this study) 84 patients with CM. Of these, three had BI and two had platybasia. The BA of the control group was 121 ± 6 and that of the CM group was 126 ± 9.

Data using the top of the dorsum sellae as a reference for the BA showed values significantly smaller than those found by using the pituitary fossae center as a reference point. Our data suggest that values for basal angle above 133° are indicative of platybasia. Considering the BA values immediately above the normal range for diagnosis of platybasia, all platybasic patients identified were from the BI group. The comparison of craniometric data from non-platybasic and platybasic patients showed that they were significantly different (Fig. 6).

Platybasic patients had a more acute clivus canal angle and a wider Boogard’s angle. Platybasia was more frequent in patients with BI type II (37.5 %) than in those with BI type I (20 %). The CC measurement used was that suggested by Konigsberg et al. [4], between the top of the dorsum sellae, basion, and axis. The clivus canal angle reflects craniocervical kyphosis that, ultimately, is correlated to ventral brainstem compression. The CM group showed no difference in craniometric angular measurements compared to normal subjects.

Overall data analysis suggests that an enlarged BA is associated with a more acute CC and the largest BOO. An acute CC correlates with greater cervical lordosis (hyperlordosis). It is possible that the hyperlordosis observed in the BI group is secondarily associated with craniocervical kyphosis conditioned by an acute clivus canal angle. In fact, cervical lordosis was only correlated with the CC and with BOO. There were several differences between the two types of BI. Only two patients in BI type I were platybasic. Craniocervical instability was only present in BI type I.

Conclusions

The angular craniometry in craniocervical junction malformation differs significantly among the subgroups of patients and control patients.

Patients with basilar invagination have a significantly wider basal angle, sharper clivus canal angle, larger Boogard’s angle, and greater cervical lordosis than the Chiari malformation and control groups. The Chiari malformation group does not show significant differences when compared with normal controls. Platybasia occurred only in basilar invagination and is suggested to be more prevalent in type II than in type I. Platybasic patients have a more acute clivus canal angle and show greater cervical lordosis than non-platybasics.