AIMS: Hypothalamic axis deregulation is associated with clinical severity and depression in chronic heart failure (CHF). We investigated the relationship of serum prolactin, an indicator of hypothalamic axis function, to neurohomonal/immune activation and depressive symptoms in CHF as well as its prognostic value. METHODS AND RESULTS: Serum prolactin was determined in 180 patients with advanced CHF (aged 65 ± 12 years, mean LVEF 27 ± 7%) along with natriuretic peptides (BNP), inflammatory cytokines, endothelial adhesion molecules, 6 min walk test (6MWT), and the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS). Patients were followed for all-cause death or hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons for up to 8 months. Prolactin levels were significantly correlated with NYHA class (r = 0.394, P < 0.001), LVEF (r = -0.314, P < 0.001), 6MWT (r = -0.353, P < 0.001), BNP (r = 0.374, P < 0.001), Zung SDS (r = 0.544, P < 0.001), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (r = 0.451, P < 0.001), IL-10 (r = -0.426, P < 0.001), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (r = 0.310, P = 0.001), soluble Fas (r = 0.333, P < 0.001), soluble Fas-ligand (r = 0.517, P < 0.001), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (r = 0.409, P < 0.001), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (r = 0.480, P < 0.001). During follow-up, 119 patients (66%) died or were hospitalized for cardiovascular events after a median time of 72 days (range 5-220 days); these patients had higher baseline prolactin levels (10.2 ± 5.7 vs. 6.7 ± 4.3 ng/mL, P < 0.001), and a prolactin value ≥4.5 ng/mL was associated with a higher rate of death or hospitalization (116 ± 7 vs. 181 ± 11 days, P = 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, prolactin levels remained an independent predictor of death or hospitalization (<4.5 vs. ≥4.5 ng/mL; odds ratio, 0.368; 95% confidence interval 0.148-0.913; P = 0.031), along with BNP (P < 0.001) and 6MWT (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Serum prolactin is associated with neurohormonal/immune activation and depressive symptoms and is an independent predictor of prognosis in advanced CHF.
AIMS: Hypothalamic axis deregulation is associated with clinical severity and depression in chronic heart failure (CHF). We investigated the relationship of serum prolactin, an indicator of hypothalamic axis function, to neurohomonal/immune activation and depressive symptoms in CHF as well as its prognostic value. METHODS AND RESULTS: Serum prolactin was determined in 180 patients with advanced CHF (aged 65 ± 12 years, mean LVEF 27 ± 7%) along with natriuretic peptides (BNP), inflammatory cytokines, endothelial adhesion molecules, 6 min walk test (6MWT), and the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS). Patients were followed for all-cause death or hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons for up to 8 months. Prolactin levels were significantly correlated with NYHA class (r = 0.394, P < 0.001), LVEF (r = -0.314, P < 0.001), 6MWT (r = -0.353, P < 0.001), BNP (r = 0.374, P < 0.001), Zung SDS (r = 0.544, P < 0.001), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (r = 0.451, P < 0.001), IL-10 (r = -0.426, P < 0.001), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (r = 0.310, P = 0.001), soluble Fas (r = 0.333, P < 0.001), soluble Fas-ligand (r = 0.517, P < 0.001), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (r = 0.409, P < 0.001), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (r = 0.480, P < 0.001). During follow-up, 119 patients (66%) died or were hospitalized for cardiovascular events after a median time of 72 days (range 5-220 days); these patients had higher baseline prolactin levels (10.2 ± 5.7 vs. 6.7 ± 4.3 ng/mL, P < 0.001), and a prolactin value ≥4.5 ng/mL was associated with a higher rate of death or hospitalization (116 ± 7 vs. 181 ± 11 days, P = 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, prolactin levels remained an independent predictor of death or hospitalization (<4.5 vs. ≥4.5 ng/mL; odds ratio, 0.368; 95% confidence interval 0.148-0.913; P = 0.031), along with BNP (P < 0.001) and 6MWT (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Serum prolactin is associated with neurohormonal/immune activation and depressive symptoms and is an independent predictor of prognosis in advanced CHF.
Authors: G Georgiopoulos; I Lambrinoudaki; F Athanasouli; E Armeni; A Koliviras; A Augoulea; D Rizos; C Papamichael; A Protogerou; K Stellos; K Stamatelopoulos Journal: J Hum Hypertens Date: 2017-03-23 Impact factor: 3.012