OBJECTIVES: Preclinical studies link prenatal nicotine exposure with the development of both ADHD-like phenotype in rodents and blockade of extinction learning in a fear conditioning paradigm, a preclinical model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While these findings suggest that either ADHD, prenatal nicotine exposure, or both could be a risk factor for PTSD, such associations have not been investigated in humans. METHODS: Subjects were ascertained from family-genetic, longitudinal studies of paediatrically and psychiatrically referred children with and without ADHD of both sexes and their siblings followed for 10 years from childhood into adulthood (n = 403 probands; n = 464 siblings; mean age at follow-up of probands and siblings = 22.0 years). All subjects were comprehensively evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews that included questions regarding prenatal use of cigarettes. RESULTS: A total of 12% (104/867) of the sample had been exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. There was no interaction effect between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD (z = 0.01, P = 0.99). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD were independent, significant risk factors for PTSD at the 10-year follow-up (odds ratio = 3.58 [1.35,9.48], z = 2.57, P = 0.01 and odds ratio = 2.23 [1.06,4.69], z = 2.11, P = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that both maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD are significant predictors of PTSD in humans.
OBJECTIVES: Preclinical studies link prenatal nicotine exposure with the development of both ADHD-like phenotype in rodents and blockade of extinction learning in a fear conditioning paradigm, a preclinical model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While these findings suggest that either ADHD, prenatal nicotine exposure, or both could be a risk factor for PTSD, such associations have not been investigated in humans. METHODS: Subjects were ascertained from family-genetic, longitudinal studies of paediatrically and psychiatrically referred children with and without ADHD of both sexes and their siblings followed for 10 years from childhood into adulthood (n = 403 probands; n = 464 siblings; mean age at follow-up of probands and siblings = 22.0 years). All subjects were comprehensively evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews that included questions regarding prenatal use of cigarettes. RESULTS: A total of 12% (104/867) of the sample had been exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. There was no interaction effect between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD (z = 0.01, P = 0.99). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD were independent, significant risk factors for PTSD at the 10-year follow-up (odds ratio = 3.58 [1.35,9.48], z = 2.57, P = 0.01 and odds ratio = 2.23 [1.06,4.69], z = 2.11, P = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that both maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD are significant predictors of PTSD in humans.
Authors: Jonathon R Howlett; Laura Campbell-Sills; Sonia Jain; Steven G Heeringa; Matthew K Nock; Xiaoying Sun; Robert J Ursano; Murray B Stein Journal: J Trauma Stress Date: 2018-11-21
Authors: Maija Konstenius; Anders Leifman; Katelijne van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen; Geurt van de Glind; Johan Franck; Franz Moggi; Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga; Frances R Levin; Pieter Jan Carpentier; Arvid Skutle; Eli-Torild Bu; Sharlene Kaye; Zsolt Demetrovics; Csaba Barta; Marc Auriecomb; Melina Fatséas; Brian Johnson; Stephen V Faraone; Steve Allsop; Susan Carruthers; Robert A Schoevers; Sofie Verspreet; Geert Dom; Maarten W J Koeter; Wim van den Brink Journal: Addict Behav Date: 2016-10-24 Impact factor: 3.913
Authors: Amelia Kotte; Gagan Joshi; Ronna Fried; Mai Uchida; Andrea Spencer; K Yvonne Woodworth; Tara Kenworthy; Stephen V Faraone; Joseph Biederman Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2013-08-26 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: Kate Hoffman; Ann Aschengrau; Thomas F Webster; Scott M Bartell; Verónica M Vieira Journal: BMC Public Health Date: 2015-07-21 Impact factor: 3.295