Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez1, Mario Sampson, Barry T Bloom, Antonio Arrieta, James L Wynn, Karen Martz, Barrie Harper, Gregory L Kearns, Edmund V Capparelli, David Siegel, Daniel K Benjamin, P Brian Smith. 1. From the *Department of Pediatrics, Duke University; †Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC; ‡Wichita Medical Research and Education Foundation, Wichita, KS; §Division of Infectious Diseases, CHOC-Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA; ¶Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; ‖EMMES Corporation, Rockville, MD; **Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine and the Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, The Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO; ††Department of Pediatric Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA; and ‡‡Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Limited pharmacokinetic (PK) data of metronidazole in premature infants have led to various dosing recommendations. Surrogate efficacy targets for metronidazole are ill-defined and therefore aimed to exceed minimum inhibitory concentration of organisms responsible for intra-abdominal infections. METHODS: We evaluated the PK of metronidazole using plasma and dried blood spot samples from infants ≤32 weeks gestational age in an open-label, PK, multicenter (N = 3) study using population PK modeling (NONMEM). Monte Carlo simulations (N = 1000 virtual subjects) were used to evaluate the surrogate efficacy target. Metabolic ratios of parent and metabolite were calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-four premature infants (111 plasma and 51 dried blood spot samples) were enrolled: median (range) gestational age at birth 25 (23-31) weeks, postnatal age 27 (1-82) days, postmenstrual age 31 (24-39) weeks and weight 740 (431-1466) g. Population clearance (L/h/kg) was 0.038 × (postmenstrual age/30) and volume of distribution (L/kg) of 0.93. PK parameter estimates and precision were similar between plasma and dried blood spot samples. Metabolic ratios correlated with clearance. CONCLUSION: Simulations suggested the majority of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (>80%) would meet the surrogate efficacy target using postmenstrual age-based dosing.
BACKGROUND: Limited pharmacokinetic (PK) data of metronidazole in premature infants have led to various dosing recommendations. Surrogate efficacy targets for metronidazole are ill-defined and therefore aimed to exceed minimum inhibitory concentration of organisms responsible for intra-abdominal infections. METHODS: We evaluated the PK of metronidazole using plasma and dried blood spot samples from infants ≤32 weeks gestational age in an open-label, PK, multicenter (N = 3) study using population PK modeling (NONMEM). Monte Carlo simulations (N = 1000 virtual subjects) were used to evaluate the surrogate efficacy target. Metabolic ratios of parent and metabolite were calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-four premature infants (111 plasma and 51 dried blood spot samples) were enrolled: median (range) gestational age at birth 25 (23-31) weeks, postnatal age 27 (1-82) days, postmenstrual age 31 (24-39) weeks and weight 740 (431-1466) g. Population clearance (L/h/kg) was 0.038 × (postmenstrual age/30) and volume of distribution (L/kg) of 0.93. PK parameter estimates and precision were similar between plasma and dried blood spot samples. Metabolic ratios correlated with clearance. CONCLUSION: Simulations suggested the majority of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (>80%) would meet the surrogate efficacy target using postmenstrual age-based dosing.
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