BACKGROUND: Down syndrome (DS) and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) are two leading causes of birth defects with phenotypes ranging from craniofacial abnormalities to cognitive impairment. Despite different origins, we report that in addition to sharing many phenotypes, DS and FAS may have common underlying mechanisms of development. METHODS: Literature was surveyed for DS and FAS as well as mouse models. Gene expression and apoptosis were compared in embryonic mouse models of DS and FAS by qPCR, immunohistochemical and immunoflurorescence analyses. The craniometry was examined using MicroCT at postnatal day 21. RESULTS: A literature survey revealed over 20 comparable craniofacial and structural deficits in both humans with DS and FAS and corresponding mouse models. Similar phenotypes were experimentally found in pre- and postnatal craniofacial and neurological tissues of DS and FAS mice. Dysregulation of two genes, Dyrk1a and Rcan1, key to craniofacial and neurological precursors of DS, was shared in craniofacial precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Increased cleaved caspase 3 expression was also discovered in comparable regions of the craniofacial and brain precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Further mechanistic studies suggested overexpression of trisomic Ttc3 in DS embyros may influence nuclear pAkt localization and cell survival. CONCLUSIONS: This first and initial study indicates that DS and FAS share common dysmorphologies in humans and animal models. This work also suggests common mechanisms at cellular and molecular levels that are disrupted by trisomy or alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lead to craniofacial and neurological phenotypes associated with DS or FAS.
BACKGROUND: Down syndrome (DS) and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) are two leading causes of birth defects with phenotypes ranging from craniofacial abnormalities to cognitive impairment. Despite different origins, we report that in addition to sharing many phenotypes, DS and FAS may have common underlying mechanisms of development. METHODS: Literature was surveyed for DS and FAS as well as mouse models. Gene expression and apoptosis were compared in embryonic mouse models of DS and FAS by qPCR, immunohistochemical and immunoflurorescence analyses. The craniometry was examined using MicroCT at postnatal day 21. RESULTS: A literature survey revealed over 20 comparable craniofacial and structural deficits in both humans with DS and FAS and corresponding mouse models. Similar phenotypes were experimentally found in pre- and postnatal craniofacial and neurological tissues of DS and FAS mice. Dysregulation of two genes, Dyrk1a and Rcan1, key to craniofacial and neurological precursors of DS, was shared in craniofacial precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Increased cleaved caspase 3 expression was also discovered in comparable regions of the craniofacial and brain precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Further mechanistic studies suggested overexpression of trisomic Ttc3 in DS embyros may influence nuclear pAkt localization and cell survival. CONCLUSIONS: This first and initial study indicates that DS and FAS share common dysmorphologies in humans and animal models. This work also suggests common mechanisms at cellular and molecular levels that are disrupted by trisomy or alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lead to craniofacial and neurological phenotypes associated with DS or FAS.
Authors: Ernesta M Meintjes; Joseph L Jacobson; Christopher D Molteno; J Christopher Gatenby; Christopher Warton; Christopher J Cannistraci; H Eugene Hoyme; Luther K Robinson; Nathaniel Khaole; John C Gore; Sandra W Jacobson Journal: Alcohol Clin Exp Res Date: 2010-06-07 Impact factor: 3.455
Authors: Laura G Reinholdt; Yueming Ding; Griffith J Gilbert; Griffith T Gilbert; Anne Czechanski; Jeffrey P Solzak; Randall J Roper; Mark T Johnson; Leah Rae Donahue; Cathleen Lutz; Muriel T Davisson Journal: Mamm Genome Date: 2011-09-28 Impact factor: 2.957
Authors: Claire D Coles; Mary Ellen Lynch; Julie A Kable; Katrina C Johnson; Felicia C Goldstein Journal: Alcohol Clin Exp Res Date: 2010-03-03 Impact factor: 3.455
Authors: Larry Burd; Eric Deal; Rodrigo Rios; Edward Adickes; Joshua Wynne; Marilyn G Klug Journal: Congenit Heart Dis Date: 2007 Jul-Aug Impact factor: 2.007
Authors: Ganga H Karunamuni; Pei Ma; Shi Gu; Andrew M Rollins; Michael W Jenkins; Michiko Watanabe Journal: Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today Date: 2014-09-15