A land use regression model for ultrafine particles in Vancouver, Canada.

Methods to characterize chronic exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) can help to clarify potential health effects. Since UFP are not routinely monitored in North America, spatiotemporal models are one potential exposure assessment methodology. Portable condensation particle counters were used to measure particle number concentrations (PNC) to develop a land use regression (LUR) model. PNC, wind speed and direction were measured for sixty minutes at eighty locations during a two-week sampling campaign. We conducted continuous monitoring at four additional locations to assess temporal variation. LUR modeling utilized 135 potential geographic predictors including: road length, vehicle density, restaurant density, population density, land use and others. A novel approach incorporated meteorological data through wind roses as alternates to traditional circular buffers. The range of measured (sixty-minute median) PNC across locations varied seventy-fold (1500-105000 particles/cm(3), mean [SD] = 18200 [15900] particles/cm(3)). Correlations between PNC and concurrently measured two-week average NOX concentrations were 0.6-0.7. A PNC LUR model (R(2) = 0.48, leave-one-out cross validation R(2) = 0.32) including truck route length within 50 m, restaurant density within 200 m, and ln-distance to the port represents the first UFP LUR model in North America. Models incorporating wind roses did not explain more variability in measured PNC.