Patellofemoral pain: an update on diagnostic and treatment options.

Patellofemoral pain is a frequent and often challenging clinical problem. It affects females more than males and includes many different pathologic entities that result in pain in the anterior aspect of the knee. Diagnosis of the specific cause of pain can be difficult and requires assessment of lower extremity strength, alignment, and range of motion, as well as specific patella alignment, tracking, and mobility. The treatment for patellofemoral pain is usually conservative with anti-inflammatory medications, activity modification, and a specific physical therapy program focusing on strengthening and flexibility. Infrequently, surgical treatment may be indicated after a non-operative program fails. The outcomes of surgical management may include debridement, lateral release, and realignment of the extensor mechanism to unload the patellofemoral articulation are favorable.