Edward N Rampersaud1, Tobias Klatte2, Geoffrey Bass3, Jean-Jacques Patard4, Karim Bensaleh5, Malte Böhm6, Ernst P Allhoff6, Luca Cindolo7, Alexandre De La Taille8, Arnaud Mejean9, Michel Soulie10, Laurent Bellec10, Jean Christophe Bernhard11, Christian Pfister12, Marc Colombel13, Arie S Belldegrun14, Allan J Pantuck15, Daniel George3. 1. Institute of Urologic Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, NC. 2. Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. 3. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, NC. 4. Department of Urology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris XI University, Kremlin Bicêtre, France. 5. Department of Urology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France. 6. Department of Urology, University of Magdeburg, Germany. 7. Department of Urology, S. Pio da Pietrelcina Hospital, Vasto, Italy. 8. Department of Urology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Paris, France. 9. Department of Urology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France. 10. Department of Urology, University of Toulouse, France. 11. Department of Urology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France. 12. Department of Urology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France. 13. Department of Urology, Lyon University, Lyon, France. 14. Institute of Urologic Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA. 15. Institute of Urologic Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA. Electronic address: apantuck@mednet.ucla.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Gender-specific differences in incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its outcome have previously been reported. We used age as a surrogate to test whether this might be hormone-related in a large international RCC cohort. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This study included patients treated by nephrectomy at 10 international academic centers. Clinicopathologic features were assessed using chi-square and the Student t-tests. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazards models addressed the effect of gender and age on disease-specific survival. RESULTS: Of the 5,654 patients, 3,777 (67%) were men and 1,877 (33%) were women. Generally, women presented at lower T stages (P<0.001), had fewer metastases (P<0.001), and had lower-grade tumors (P<0.001). Women more frequently had clear-cell (87% vs. 82%) and less frequently had papillary RCC (7% vs. 12%) than men (P<0.001). Women had a 19% reduced risk of death from RCC than men (hazard ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.73-0.90, P<0.001). The survival advantage for women was present to the greatest degree in the age group<42 years (P = 0.0136) and in women aged 42 to 58 years (P<0.001), but was not apparent in patients aged 59 years and older (P = 0.248). Age was an independent predictor of disease-specific survival in women (hazard ratio 1.011, 95% confidence interval 1.004-1.019, P = 0.004), but not in men. CONCLUSIONS: As a group, women present with less advanced tumors, leading to a 19% reduced risk of RCC-specific death compared with men. This survival difference is present only in patients aged<59 years. Because this gender-based survival difference is not related to pathologic features, the role of hormonal effects on the development and progression of RCC needs to be investigated.
OBJECTIVE: Gender-specific differences in incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its outcome have previously been reported. We used age as a surrogate to test whether this might be hormone-related in a large international RCC cohort. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This study included patients treated by nephrectomy at 10 international academic centers. Clinicopathologic features were assessed using chi-square and the Student t-tests. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazards models addressed the effect of gender and age on disease-specific survival. RESULTS: Of the 5,654 patients, 3,777 (67%) were men and 1,877 (33%) were women. Generally, women presented at lower T stages (P<0.001), had fewer metastases (P<0.001), and had lower-grade tumors (P<0.001). Women more frequently had clear-cell (87% vs. 82%) and less frequently had papillary RCC (7% vs. 12%) than men (P<0.001). Women had a 19% reduced risk of death from RCC than men (hazard ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.73-0.90, P<0.001). The survival advantage for women was present to the greatest degree in the age group<42 years (P = 0.0136) and in women aged 42 to 58 years (P<0.001), but was not apparent in patients aged 59 years and older (P = 0.248). Age was an independent predictor of disease-specific survival in women (hazard ratio 1.011, 95% confidence interval 1.004-1.019, P = 0.004), but not in men. CONCLUSIONS: As a group, women present with less advanced tumors, leading to a 19% reduced risk of RCC-specific death compared with men. This survival difference is present only in patients aged<59 years. Because this gender-based survival difference is not related to pathologic features, the role of hormonal effects on the development and progression of RCC needs to be investigated.
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