20-Hydroxyecdysone-induced bone morphogenetic protein-2-dependent osteogenic differentiation through the ERK pathway in human periodontal ligament stem cells.

20-Hydroxyecdysone, an ecdysteroid hormone, can induce osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLS cells) have mesenchymal-stem-cell-like qualities and are considered as one of the candidates of future clinical application in periodontitis treatment. However, there are no studies describing the effect of 20-Hydroxyecdysone on PDLS cells. In this paper, we report a detailed study on the effect of 20-Hydroxyecdysone on PDLS cell proliferation in vitro. PDLS cells were developed from human PDL cells and were treated with 20-Hydroxyecdysone to understand different aspects of its effects. 20-Hydroxyecdysone promoted PDLS cell proliferation; significantly increased the gene expression levels of runt-related transcription factor 2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen, and osteocalcin. Moreover, 20-Hydroxyecdysone enhanced bone formation by PDLS cells and significantly increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) mRNA and protein expression. However, 20-Hydroxyecdysonemediated increase in ALP activity was blocked with a BMP-2-specific neutralizing antibody or with the antagonist noggin; and20-Hydroxyecdysone mediated induction of BMP-2 expression and increase of ALP activity were abolished by the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) MAPK pathway inhibitor PD98059. 20-Hydroxyecdysone also increased the phosphorylation of ERK. These findings provide evidence to state that 20-Hydroxyecdysone stimulates cell proliferation and induces osteogenic differentiation through the induction of BMP-2 expression in PDLS cells. It also shows that the ERK pathway is involved in 20-Hydroxyecdysone induced BMP-2 expression and osteogenic differentiation. These results are suggesting its potential as a drug for periodontal regenerative therapy.