PURPOSE: The current T4a subclassification of the TNM staging system for oral malignancies has been criticised as based almost exclusively on anatomical data. The aim of this study was to provide anatomical confirmation of the muscular constraints of T4a classification of oral tongue tumours. METHODS: A detailed anatomical study describing and measuring the adjacency of the named extrinsic tongue muscles to the lateral tongue surface was completed on the Visible Human Female (VHF). The distance of styloglossus and hyoglossus to the over lying mucosa were determined. RESULTS: The appearance, position, orientation and anatomical relationships of the lateral tongue extrinsic muscles, with comparison to their classical descriptions are described. The right VHF styloglossus was 1.3 mm (0.33-1.48) and left 2.91 mm (0.66-7.68) from the mucosal surface in the axial plane. The right VHF hyoglossus was 2.93 mm (1.48-4.96) and left 4.33 (1.68-8.71) from the mucosal surface in the axial line. CONCLUSIONS: In the lateral tongue, styloglossus and hyoglossus are very superficial. The inclusion criteria of hyoglossus and styloglossus in the T4a staging does not appear justified based upon their anatomical position.
PURPOSE: The current T4a subclassification of the TNM staging system for oral malignancies has been criticised as based almost exclusively on anatomical data. The aim of this study was to provide anatomical confirmation of the muscular constraints of T4a classification of oral tongue tumours. METHODS: A detailed anatomical study describing and measuring the adjacency of the named extrinsic tongue muscles to the lateral tongue surface was completed on the Visible Human Female (VHF). The distance of styloglossus and hyoglossus to the over lying mucosa were determined. RESULTS: The appearance, position, orientation and anatomical relationships of the lateral tongue extrinsic muscles, with comparison to their classical descriptions are described. The right VHF styloglossus was 1.3 mm (0.33-1.48) and left 2.91 mm (0.66-7.68) from the mucosal surface in the axial plane. The right VHF hyoglossus was 2.93 mm (1.48-4.96) and left 4.33 (1.68-8.71) from the mucosal surface in the axial line. CONCLUSIONS: In the lateral tongue, styloglossus and hyoglossus are very superficial. The inclusion criteria of hyoglossus and styloglossus in the T4a staging does not appear justified based upon their anatomical position.
Authors: Robert P Takes; Alessandra Rinaldo; Carl E Silver; Jay F Piccirillo; Missak Haigentz; Carlos Suárez; Vincent Van der Poorten; Robert Hermans; Juan Pablo Rodrigo; Kenneth O Devaney; Alfio Ferlito Journal: Head Neck Date: 2010-12 Impact factor: 3.147
Authors: J C Junn; K L Baugnon; E A Lacayo; P A Hudgins; M R Patel; K R Magliocca; A S Corey; M El-Deiry; J T Wadsworth; J J Beitler; N F Saba; Y Liu; A H Aiken Journal: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol Date: 2016-11-10 Impact factor: 3.825
Authors: Alberto Grammatica; Cesare Piazza; Marco Ferrari; Vincenzo Verzeletti; Alberto Paderno; Davide Mattavelli; Alberto Schreiber; Davide Lombardi; Enrico Fazio; Luca Gazzini; Giovanni Giorgetti; Barbara Buffoli; Luigi Fabrizio Rodella; Piero Nicolai; Luca Calabrese Journal: Front Oncol Date: 2021-04-23 Impact factor: 6.244
Authors: Masanari G Kato; Chung-Hwan Baek; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Richard Gallagher; Luiz P Kowalski; C René Leemans; Saman Warnakulasuriya; Shaun A Nguyen; Terry A Day Journal: World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg Date: 2020-03-06
Authors: Lorenzo Bresciani; Lorenzo Giannini; Alberto Paderno; Fabiola Incandela; Walter Fontanella; Davide Mattavelli; Cesare Piazza Journal: Front Oral Health Date: 2021-09-23