The biomechanics of running: a kinematic and kinetic analysis.

This paper discusses the biomechanics of running and emphasizes three-dimensional joint kinematics and kinetics. To summarize the major points: (1) the major power generator--the ankle--generates three and two times the power of the knee and hip, respectively; (2) the large eccentric action of the ankle plantar flexors illustrates the ankle's secondary role as an absorber of the vertical velocity during absorption; (3) the hip is a secondary power generator, with generation occurring during absorption, initial swing, and terminal swing; and (4) the knee--the primary power absorber--has three periods of absorption that occur during absorption, initial swing, and terminal swing in phasing opposite that of the hip. The knee muscles absorb almost three times the power of the hip and ankle. Comparisons between running and walking data emphasize the higher peak forces found in running, and these may play a significant role in injury. In this day of high-performance athletics, it is important for physicians who treat sports injuries to increase their knowledge of the mechanisms behind injuries. This requires an understanding of the mechanics of locomotion, which will allow more accurate diagnosis and ultimately better treatment of injuries.