OBJECTIVE: To test whether children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), free of conduct disorder (CD) in childhood (mean = 8 years), have elevated risk-taking, accidents, and medical illnesses in adulthood (mean = 41 years); whether development of CD influences risk-taking during adulthood; and whether exposure to psychostimulants in childhood predicts cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized positive relationships between childhood ADHD and risky driving (in the past 5 years), risky sex (in the past year), and between risk-taking and medical conditions in adulthood; and that development of CD/antisocial personality (APD) would account for the link between ADHD and risk-taking. We report causes of death. METHOD: Prospective 33-year follow-up of 135 boys of white ethnicity with ADHD in childhood and without CD (probands), and 136 matched male comparison subjects without ADHD (comparison subjects; mean = 41 years), blindly interviewed by clinicians. RESULTS: In adulthood, probands had relatively more risky driving, sexually transmitted disease, head injury, and emergency department admissions (p< .05-.01). Groups did not differ on other medical outcomes. Lifetime risk-taking was associated with negative health outcomes (p = .01-.001). Development of CD/APD accounted for the relationship between ADHD and risk-taking. Probands without CD/APD did not differ from comparison subjects in lifetime risky behaviors. Psychostimulant treatment did not predict cardiac illness (p = .55). Probands had more deaths not related to specific medical conditions (p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, among children with ADHD, it is those who develop CD/APD who have elevated risky behaviors as adults. Over their lifetime, those who did not develop CD/APD did not differ from comparison subjects in risk-taking behaviors. Findings also provide support for long-term safety of early psychostimulant treatment.
OBJECTIVE: To test whether children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), free of conduct disorder (CD) in childhood (mean = 8 years), have elevated risk-taking, accidents, and medical illnesses in adulthood (mean = 41 years); whether development of CD influences risk-taking during adulthood; and whether exposure to psychostimulants in childhood predicts cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized positive relationships between childhood ADHD and risky driving (in the past 5 years), risky sex (in the past year), and between risk-taking and medical conditions in adulthood; and that development of CD/antisocial personality (APD) would account for the link between ADHD and risk-taking. We report causes of death. METHOD: Prospective 33-year follow-up of 135 boys of white ethnicity with ADHD in childhood and without CD (probands), and 136 matched male comparison subjects without ADHD (comparison subjects; mean = 41 years), blindly interviewed by clinicians. RESULTS: In adulthood, probands had relatively more risky driving, sexually transmitted disease, head injury, and emergency department admissions (p< .05-.01). Groups did not differ on other medical outcomes. Lifetime risk-taking was associated with negative health outcomes (p = .01-.001). Development of CD/APD accounted for the relationship between ADHD and risk-taking. Probands without CD/APD did not differ from comparison subjects in lifetime risky behaviors. Psychostimulant treatment did not predict cardiac illness (p = .55). Probands had more deaths not related to specific medical conditions (p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, among children with ADHD, it is those who develop CD/APD who have elevated risky behaviors as adults. Over their lifetime, those who did not develop CD/APD did not differ from comparison subjects in risk-taking behaviors. Findings also provide support for long-term safety of early psychostimulant treatment.
Authors: William O Cooper; Laurel A Habel; Colin M Sox; K Arnold Chan; Patrick G Arbogast; T Craig Cheetham; Katherine T Murray; Virginia P Quinn; C Michael Stein; S Todd Callahan; Bruce H Fireman; Frank A Fish; Howard S Kirshner; Anne O'Duffy; Frederick A Connell; Wayne A Ray Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2011-11-01 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Victoria L Vetter; Josephine Elia; Christopher Erickson; Stuart Berger; Nathan Blum; Karen Uzark; Catherine L Webb Journal: Circulation Date: 2008-04-21 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Ana A Liso Navarro; Elif M Sikoglu; Cailin R Heinze; Ryan C Rogan; Vivienne A Russell; Jean A King; Constance M Moore Journal: Behav Brain Res Date: 2014-05-19 Impact factor: 3.332
Authors: Caitlin A Orsini; David E Moorman; Jared W Young; Barry Setlow; Stan B Floresco Journal: Neurosci Biobehav Rev Date: 2015-06-11 Impact factor: 8.989
Authors: Sarah Wolff; Kristin Queiser; Leonie Wessendorf; Anna Maria Meier; Moritz Verdenhalven; Oliver Grimm; Christoph Reimertz; Christoph Nau; Michelle Klos; Andreas Reif; Sarah Kittel-Schneider Journal: J Neural Transm (Vienna) Date: 2019-05-10 Impact factor: 3.575
Authors: Lourdes García Murillo; María A Ramos-Olazagasti; Rachel G Klein; Salvatore Mannuzza; Francisco Xavier Castellanos Journal: Atten Defic Hyperact Disord Date: 2018-08-31
Authors: Kouichi Yoshimasu; William J Barbaresi; Robert C Colligan; Robert G Voigt; Jill M Killian; Amy L Weaver; Slavica K Katusic Journal: J Atten Disord Date: 2016-11-18 Impact factor: 3.256
Authors: Aaron J Krasner; J Blake Turner; Judith F Feldman; Anna E Silberman; Prudence W Fisher; Catherine C Workman; Jonathan E Posner; Laurence L Greenhill; John M Lorenz; David Shaffer; Agnes H Whitaker Journal: J Atten Disord Date: 2015-12-23 Impact factor: 3.256
Authors: Tycho J Dekkers; Hilde M Huizenga; Arne Popma; Anika Bexkens; Jacqueline N Zadelaar; Brenda R J Jansen Journal: J Abnorm Child Psychol Date: 2020-04