BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of pathological disorders including insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Identification of anti-inflammatory natural products can prevent the inflammatory diseases. METHODS: Anti-inflammatory effects of blue-green algae (BGA), i.e., Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing (NO) and Spirulina platensis (SP), were compared in RAW 264.7 and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) as well as splenocytes from apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice fed BGA. RESULTS: When macrophages pretreated with 100μg/ml NO lipid extract (NOE) or SP lipid extract (SPE) were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6, were significantly repressed. NOE and SPE also significantly repressed the expression of TNFα and IL-1β in BMM. LPS-induced secretion of IL-6 was lower in splenocytes from apoE(-/-) fed an atherogenic diet containing 5% NO or SP for 12weeks. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, NOE and SPE markedly decreased nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The degree of repression of pro-inflammatory gene expression by algal extracts was much stronger than that of SN50, an inhibitor of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Trichostatin A, a pan histone deacetylase inhibitor, increased basal expression of IL-1β and attenuated the repression of the gene expression by SPE. SPE significantly down-regulated mRNA abundance of 11 HDAC isoforms, consequently increasing acetylated histone 3 levels. CONCLUSION: NOE and SPE repress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and secretion in macrophages and splenocytes via inhibition of NF-κB pathway. Histone acetylation state is likely involved in the inhibition. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study underscores natural products can exert anti-inflammatory effects by epigenetic modifications such as histone acetylation.
BACKGROUND:Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of pathological disorders including insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Identification of anti-inflammatory natural products can prevent the inflammatory diseases. METHODS: Anti-inflammatory effects of blue-green algae (BGA), i.e., Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing (NO) and Spirulina platensis (SP), were compared in RAW 264.7 and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) as well as splenocytes from apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice fed BGA. RESULTS: When macrophages pretreated with 100μg/ml NO lipid extract (NOE) or SP lipid extract (SPE) were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6, were significantly repressed. NOE and SPE also significantly repressed the expression of TNFα and IL-1β in BMM. LPS-induced secretion of IL-6 was lower in splenocytes from apoE(-/-) fed an atherogenic diet containing 5% NO or SP for 12weeks. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, NOE and SPE markedly decreased nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The degree of repression of pro-inflammatory gene expression by algal extracts was much stronger than that of SN50, an inhibitor of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Trichostatin A, a pan histone deacetylase inhibitor, increased basal expression of IL-1β and attenuated the repression of the gene expression by SPE. SPE significantly down-regulated mRNA abundance of 11 HDAC isoforms, consequently increasing acetylated histone 3 levels. CONCLUSION:NOE and SPE repress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and secretion in macrophages and splenocytes via inhibition of NF-κB pathway. Histone acetylation state is likely involved in the inhibition. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study underscores natural products can exert anti-inflammatory effects by epigenetic modifications such as histone acetylation.
Authors: P Klivenyi; O A Andreassen; R J Ferrante; A Dedeoglu; G Mueller; E Lancelot; M Bogdanov; J K Andersen; D Jiang; M F Beal Journal: J Neurosci Date: 2000-01-01 Impact factor: 6.167
Authors: Paul Alan Cox; Sandra Anne Banack; Susan J Murch; Ulla Rasmussen; Georgia Tien; Robert Richard Bidigare; James S Metcalf; Louise F Morrison; Geoffrey A Codd; Birgitta Bergman Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2005-04-04 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Fan Yeung; Jamie E Hoberg; Catherine S Ramsey; Michael D Keller; David R Jones; Roy A Frye; Marty W Mayo Journal: EMBO J Date: 2004-05-20 Impact factor: 11.598